Cross-sectional |
---|
|
Dalton et al. 2002a | Cross-sectional school- based survey N = 4,544 White Aged 10–15 years United States (Northeast) 1999 | “How often do your parents let you watch movies or videos that are rated R?” (p. 3) (Never, once in a while, sometimes, all the time) | M, P, PS, S, SCH, SI | Prevalence of tried smoking (18%) | Allowed to watch R-rated movies: | ARR | Parental restrictions associated with lower viewership of R and PG-13 movies and lower rates of drinking alcohol |
Never (16%) | 0.29(0.19–0.45) |
Once in a while/ sometimes (53%) | 0.74(0.65–0.85) |
All the time (31%) | Reference |
|
Dalton et al. 2006 | School-based survey N = 2,606 Aged 9–12 years United States (Northeast) | Parental restrictions on R-rated movie viewing combined with whether they co-viewed the movies | PS, S, SI | Susceptibility to smoking (12.5%) | | ARR | When assessing other movie-monitoring habits (requiring child to ask before seeing, going into video store, overseeing movie viewing at friends), it appeared that these behaviors partially ameliorated the effects of seeing R-rated movies |
Permits watching, no parent | Reference |
Permits watching, co-views | 0.72 (0.54–0.96) |
Prohibits child from watching | 0.54 (0.41–0.70) |
|
Thompson and Gunther 2007 | School-based survey of 1,687 6th–8th graders N = 1,687 United States (Wisconsin) | “How often do your parents let you watch movies or videos that are rated R?” ([1] never to [5] all the time) | PS, S, SI | Smoking susceptibility among never smokers (24%) | R-rated movie restriction: | AOR | |
Full | Reference |
Partial | 2.1(1.5–2.8) |
None | 3.3 (2.3–4.6) |
| R-rated movie restriction: | |
Tried smoking prevalence (29%) | Full | Reference |
Partial | 1.5(1.0–2.8) |
None | 2.5(1.7–3.7) |
|
Longitudinal |
---|
|
Sargent et al. 2004 | Longitudinal school-based survey with telephone follow-up, baseline survey N = 2,596 baseline never smokers Follow-up at 18 months White Aged 10–14 years at baseline Baseline smoking status: never smoker United States (New Hampshire, Vermont) 1999 | “How often do your parents allow you to watch movies or videos that are rated R?” (Never, once in a while, sometimes, all the time) | EA, P, PS, S, SCH, SI | Incidence of tried smoking (15.9% by 18 months) | Allowed to watch R-rated movies: | ARR | Statistically significant interaction with stronger results for adolescents living in nonsmoking households; relaxation of R-rated restrictions over time resulted in greater risk of smoking; strengthening of restrictions over time resulted in lower risk |
Never (19%) | Reference |
Once in a while (29%) | 1.8(1.1–3.1) |
Sometimes/all the time (52%) | 2.8(1.6–4.7) |
|
Hanewinkel et al. 2008 | Longitudinal, school-based survey N = 2,110 Follow-up at 1 year White Aged 10–15 years at baseline Baseline smoking status: never smoker Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) 2005 | “How often do your parents allow you to watch movies that are rated for 16-year- olds?” (Never, once in a while, sometimes, all the time) | P, PS, S, SCH, SI | Tried smoking incidence (16%) | Never (41%) | Reference | German rating categories refer to the age below which the restriction applies; they are FSK-0 (family), FSK-6, FSK-12, FSK-16, FSK-18; lower exposure to movies in all rating categories for adolescents reporting restrictions; mediational analysis shows indirect pathway from FSK restriction through lower movie substance-use exposure to behavior |
Once in a while (28%) | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) |
Sometimes (22%) | 1.71 (1.33–2.20) |
All the time (9%) | 1.85(1.27–2.69) |
Smoking and binge drinking (5%) | Never | Reference |
Once in a while | 1.64(1.05–2.58) |
Sometimes | 2.30(1.53–3.45) |
All the time | 2.92 (1.83–4.67) |