Table 1

Summary of the effects of dietary fatty acids, carbohydrates and salt on cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular events

LDL-CTriglyceridesHDL-CPlasma glucoseInsulin sensitivityBlood pressureCVD
Trans fatty acids↑↑–/↑↓↓–↓↓–↑↑
SAFA↑↑––/↑–↓↓↑↑
MUFA–––↓↑↓/–↓
PUFA n-6–↓↓↓/–↑↓/–↓
PUFA n-3–↓↓ (at high dose)–––↓ (at high dose)↓ (at high dose)
Refined starch–↑↓↑↓––
Sugars–↑↑↓↑ (long term)↓↓↑/–↑
Dietary fiber↓↓–/↓–↓↓↑↓↓
Salt–––––↑↑

↑ increase; ↓ decrease; − no effect

From: Diet, Lifestyle, Smoking

Cover of Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis
Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Improving State-of-the-Art Management and Search for Novel Targets [Internet].
von Eckardstein A, Binder CJ, editors.
Cham (CH): Springer; 2022.
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