Table 1PICOS—inclusion and exclusion criteria

PICOSIncludeExclude
Population Adolescent and adult women (≥13 years), regardless of pregnancy status; eligible for screening, counseling, or treatment for:
  • Reproductive health services: (family planning, contraception, STI counseling)
  • IPV services
  • Men
  • Age <13 years
Interventions Two-way telehealth strategies linked to clinical care with direct contact between a clinician or other provider and a patient or group of patientsOne-way telehealth, provider consults, or peer-led interventions not linked to clinical care
Comparators
  • Usual or in-person care or traditional care models (care provided without telehealth)
  • Telehealth + in-person care vs. in-person care alone (augmentation)
  • Clinical services before and after COVID-19 pandemic
No comparator or comparison groups not clearly described
Outcomes *

For all conditions and services

KQ 1a and 2a:

  • Clinical effectiveness, patient health outcomes
  • Quality of life, function
KQ 1b, 1c, 1d, 2b, 2c, and 2d: Measures or descriptions of patient satisfaction, patient engagement and activation, patient choice

KQ 1e and 2e: Measures or descriptions of barriers and facilitators in low-resource settings

  • Patient-reported outcomes: patient empowerment, engagement, and satisfaction
  • Measures of healthcare access, equity, and utilization
    • Rates of screening and followup; adherence; no-shows
    • Utilization
KQ 1f and 2f: Harms (e.g. missed diagnosis, incorrect diagnosis, overdiagnosis, delay in treatment, mental health outcomes, stress, anxiety, loss to followup)
  • Outcomes not relevant to the KQs
  • Cost analyses
  • Patient knowledge/education
Clinical Setting
  • Home, outpatient, primary care, or primary care-referable
  • No geographic restriction: can be urban, suburban, or rural
Studies of health care services delivered outside of healthcare settings (e.g., social services, churches, schools, prisons)
Country Setting Countries with services and practice similar to the U.S. (“very high” on the United Nations Human Development Index)Countries with significantly different health care systems and fewer resources
Study types and designs
  • RCTs
  • Cohort studies with concurrent controls for gaps in RCT evidence
  • Cohort, pre-post and comparative surveys for before and after start of COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020)
  • Comparative studies including trial and observational studies, including prospective and retrospective cohort studies and before-after studies (i.e., natural experiments)
  • Qualitative studies that evaluate preferences, barriers/facilitators
Case reports, case series
Language English languageNon-English
*

See Appendix Table A-2 for a complete list of outcomes considered for each preventive service

Abbreviations: COVID-19=coronavirus disease-2019; IPV=interpersonal violence; KQ=Key Question; RCT=randomized controlled trial; STI=sexually transmitted infection; US=United States

From: Methods

Cover of Effectiveness of Telehealth for Women’s Preventive Services
Effectiveness of Telehealth for Women’s Preventive Services [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 256.
Cantor A, Nelson HD, Pappas M, et al.
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