Table 2, Evidence examining the relationship between shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding and allergic rhinitis1 - Shorter Versus Longer Durations of Any Human Milk Feeding and Food Allergies, Allergic Rhinitis, Atopic Dermatitis, and Asthma: A Systematic Review

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Table 2Evidence examining the relationship between shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding and allergic rhinitis¹

Author and year Study design (study/cohort name when applicable) Country	Notable sample characteristics	Shorter versus longer duration of any human milk feeding exposure²	Significant associations with allergic rhinitis	Nonsignificant associations with allergic rhinitis
Evidence from birth to 24 months
Kull 2002 (4) Prospective cohort (BAMSE) Sweden	N=3,791 Baseline: Birth Race/ethnicity NR	Partial BF ≥6 mo vs <6 mo	None	Suspected allergic rhinitis by 2 y: OR 0.80 (95% CI: 0.58, 1.09)
Evidence in childhood
Codispoti 2010 (6) Prospective cohort (CCAAPS) US	N=80 African Americans, 218 non-African Americans Baseline: Birth Race/ethnicity: 22.2% African American, 77.8% non-African American Risk: 100% family history (≥1 parent)	BF duration (mo)	Allergic rhinitis at age 3 y in African American subsample: OR 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6, 0.9)	Allergic rhinitis at age 3 y in the non-African American subsample: OR 1.0 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.1)
Kramer 2007 (5) Cluster RCT³ (PROBIT) Belarus	N=13,889 Baseline: Birth Race/ethnicity NR	Experimental group (higher rates of any BF measured at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo) vs control group	None	Ever had hay fever symptoms by 6.5 y: OR 1.1 (95% CI: 0.6, 1.9) Hay fever symptoms in the past 12 mo at 6.5 y: OR 1.0 (95% CI: 0.6, 1.8)
Larsson 2008 (7) Prospective cohort (DBH) Sweden	N=4,779 Baseline: 1-4 y Race/ethnicity NR	BF duration <3 mo vs >6 mo	None	5 year cumulative incidence of rhinitis by age 6-9 y: OR 0.96 (95% CI: 0.63, 1.46) 5 year cumulative incidence of any rhinitis symptoms by age 6-9 y: OR 0.80 (95% CI: 0.59, 1.07)
		BF duration 3-6 mo vs >6 mo	None	5 year cumulative incidence of rhinitis during by age 6-9 y: OR 0.94 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.29) 5 year cumulative incidence of any rhinitis symptoms during by age 6-9 y: OR 1.03 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.25)
Nwaru 2013 (9) Prospective cohort (DIPP) Finland	N=3,112 Baseline: Birth Race/ethnicity NR Risk: 100% high-risk genotype for T1D	Total BF <5 mo vs >9.5 mo	None	Allergic rhinitis at 5 y: OR ~1.3 (95% CI: ~1.0, ~1.8)
		Total BF 5-9.5 mo vs >9.5 mo	None	Allergic rhinitis at 5 y: OR ~1.2 (95% CI: ~0.9, ~1.5)
Sandini 2011 (10) Prospective cohort⁴ Finland	N=891 Baseline: Birth Race/ethnicity NR Risk: 100% family history (≥1 parent)	BF duration ≥2 mo vs <2 mo	None	Allergic rhinitis at 5 y: OR 1.87 (95% CI: 0.55, 6.36)
von Kobyletzki 2012 (8) Prospective cohort (DBH) Sweden	N=3,124 Baseline: 1-2 y Race/ethnicity NR	BF ≤6 mo vs >6 mo	None	5 y cumulative incidence of rhinitis by age 6-7 y: OR 1.02 (95%CI: 0.73, 1.43)

1: Abbreviations: BAMSE - Swedish abbreviation for children, allergy, milieu, Stockholm, epidemiology, BF - breastfeeding/breastfed, CCAAPS - Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study, CI - confidence interval, DBH - Dampness in Buildings and Health, DIPP - Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention, mo - months, NR - not reported, OR - odds ratio, PROBIT - Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial, RCT - randomized controlled trial, T1D - type 1 diabetes, y - years
2: Exposures, as defined by the authors of the studies included in the body of evidence, which address shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding or vice versa
3: Cluster RCT of an intervention to promote prolonged duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding rather than an RCT of breastfeeding per se
4: The cohort was sampled from an RCT however the data of interest for this SR are unrelated to randomization

From: WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORTER VERSUS LONGER DURATIONS OF ANY HUMAN MILK FEEDING AND FOOD ALLERGIES, ALLERGIC RHINITIS, ATOPIC DERMATITIS, AND ASTHMA?

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Shorter Versus Longer Durations of Any Human Milk Feeding and Food Allergies, Allergic Rhinitis, Atopic Dermatitis, and Asthma: A Systematic Review [Internet].

Güngör D, Nadaud P, Dreibelbis C, et al.

Alexandria (VA): USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review; 2019 Apr.

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Table 2Evidence examining the relationship between shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding and allergic rhinitis1

Table 2Evidence examining the relationship between shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding and allergic rhinitis¹