Table 5.1

Most common etiologies of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage by age group and anatomic location

AdultPediatric
ElderlyYoung/middle agedAdolescent/child/infantNewborn
Parenchymal• Hypertensive hemorrhage
• Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)
• Hemorrhagic transformation of acute ischemic infarction
• Dural AVF
• Venous thrombosis
• Coagulopathies
• Neoplasms		• Brain AVM
• Cavernomas
• Venous thrombosis
• Hypertensive encephalopathies/PRES
• RVCS
• Drug abuse
• Neoplasms		• Brain AVM
• Cavernomas
• Venous thrombosis
• Tumors
• Coagulopathies (congenital/acquired)		• Hypoxic-ischemic injury
Subarachnoid• Aneurysm
• Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)
• Perimesencephalic hemorrhage
• Bleeding diathesis (e.g., excessive anticoagulation)		• Aneurysm
• Arterial dissection
• Brain AVM		• Aneurysm
• Sickle cell disease (in children)
• Coagulopathies (congenital/acquired)
Epidural/subdural• Dural AVF
• Aneurysm
• Moyamoya syndrome
• Dural metastases
• Bleeding diathesis/hematological disorders

From: Chapter 5, Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage

Cover of Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020–2023
Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020–2023: Diagnostic Imaging [Internet].
Hodler J, Kubik-Huch RA, von Schulthess GK, editors.
Cham (CH): Springer; 2020.
Copyright 2020, The Author(s)

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