Baker 2016 USA Retrospective observational study | N=63 adults with CF Mean age (SD): 31.7 (8.0) years (18 to 57) 50.9% male |
Low BMD, defined as z-score ≤ −1 Very low BMD, defined as z-score ≤ −2 Standard dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) on a QDR4500A model (Hologic Inc, Bedford, MA)
| 2 years (data available for n=39) |
Change in posterioranterior spine BMD Multivariate model adjusting for: age, gender, fat-free max index and height
| Subjects that did not have a repeat PA spine DXA were significantly younger and tended to have lower baseline PA spine z-scores. |
Brenckmann 2003 Canada Retrospective observational study | N=40 adults with CF Mean age (SD): 28.7 (8.4) years (19 to 52) |
| 1 year (data available for n=27) |
Change in hip BMD Change in lumbar spine Change in total BMD
| Subgroup analysis was not possible as sample size was too small. N=21 participants were receiving oral or IV corticosteroids |
Bhudhikanok 1998 USA Prospective observational study | N=47 children, young people and adults with CF Mean age, range: 20.6 years (8.4 to 48.5 years) 30 female, 19 male
|
Lumbar spine BMD (QCT) Femoral neck BMD (DXA) Whole body BMD (DXA)
Dual-energy X-ray (DXA) absorptiometry (QDR 100W, Hologic Corporation, Waltham, Mass) | Mean 17 months (11 to 25 months) (data available for n=41) |
| |
Haworth 2002 UK | N=114 young people and adults with CF Mean (SD) age: 25.1 (6.9) |
Lumbar spine BMD Femoral neck BMD Total hip BMD
| 12 to 13 months |
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Prospective observational study | years (15 to 49)
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Papaioannou 2008 Canada Retrospective observational study | N=49 adults with CF Mean age (SD): 25.2 (9.4) years 42.9% male |
| Mean (SD): 4.03 (1.45) years (data available for n=10) |
Lumbar spine BMD Proximal femur BMD Whole body BMD
| |
Schulze 2006 USA Prospective observational study | N=18 prepubertal and pubertal girls and young females Age range: 7.6 to 17.9 years |
| Mean time: 2.13±1.14 years (range 1.6 to 4.10) |
| Although the study reported data stratified by pubertal status, this was not reported in the review as sample size was very low (range 2 to 7) Significant differences were found by pubertal stage at baseline. |