Table 16Quality of life outcomes for nonpharmacological treatments versus other nonpharmacological treatments*

Intervention AIntervention BBotherDaily ActivitiesDistressGeneral HealthMental HealthPainSexual HealthSleep/Energy
Behavioral vs. BehavioralAcupuncturePFMT1 (20):
1 NS
Bladder training, PFMTBladder training1 (108):
 1 favor† A		1 (108):
 1 favor A
Bladder training, PFMT, biofeedbackBladder training1 (135):
 1 disc		1 (135):
 1 favor A
Bladder training, PFMT, biofeedbackPFMT, biofeedback1 (136):
 1 disc		1 (136):
 1 favor A
Education, bladder training, PFMT (Group training)Education, bladder training, PFMT (Individual training)1 (174):
 1 NS
Education, PFMTPFMT1 (63):
 1 NS		1 (63):
 1 NS
Education, PFMT, bladder trainingEducation1 (55):
 1 favor A
Education, PFMT, bladder training, TENSBladder training, PFMT1 (145):
 1 NS
Education, PFMT, bladder training, TENSEducation, bladder training1 (145):
 1 favor A		1 (145):
 1 favor A
Education, weight lossEducation1 (163):
 1 favor B		1 (338):
 1 NS
MBSRYoga1 (30):
 1 NS		1 (30):
 1 NS
PFMTBladder training1 (81):
 1 NS
PFMTEducation1 (48):
 1 NS		1 (48):
 1 NS
Group PFMTIndividual PFMT1 (60):
 1 NS		1 (60):
 1 disc		2 (105):
 1 disc
 1 NS		1 (60):
 1 NS		1 (60):
 1 NS
Home PFMT, supervised PFMTHome PFMT, unsupervised PFMT2 (122):
 1 disc
 1 NS		2 (106):
 1 favor A
 1 NS		1 (44):
 1 favor A		1 (88):
 1 disc
PFMTPhysiotherapy (incl. Paula group)3 (246):
 1 favor A
 2 NS		1 (27):
 1 NS		1 (33):
 1 disc		2 (321):
 1 favor A
 1 NS
PFMT, weightsBladder training1 (51):
 1 NS		1 (51):
 1 NS
PFMT, biofeedbackBladder training1 (137):
 1 NS		1 (137):
 1 favor B
PFMT, biofeedbackPFMT3 (193):
 1 disc
 2 NS		2 (156):
 2 favor A		2 (68):
 2 NS		2 (133):
 2 NS
PFMT, biofeedbackPFMT, weights1 (60):
1 NS		1 (60):
1 NS
PFMT, weightsPFMT1 (65):
1 NS
PFMT, biofeedback (supervised)PFMT, biofeedback (unsupervised,)1 (19):
 1 NS		1 (19):
1 NS
Behavioral vs. NeuromodulationPFMT, weightsTENS1 (57):
 1 NS
Neuromodulation vs. NeuromodulationInterStim (continuous)InterStim (cyclic)1 (19):
1 NS		1 (19):
1 NS
Behavioral + Neuromodulation vs. BehavioralEducation, PFMT, Bladder training, TENSPFMT1 (118):
 1 favor A
TENS, weightsPFMT1 (60):
 1 NS		1 (60):
 1 disc
TENS, PFMTBladder training1 (52):
 1 favor A
TENS, PFMTPFMT1 (28):
 1 NS		1 (69):
 1 NS
TENS, PFMT, functional Electrical StimulationPFMT, weights1 (120):
 1 NS		1 (120):
 1 NS
TENS, PFMT, biofeedbackElectroacupuncture1 (42):
 1 favor B
TENS, PFMT, biofeedback (supine position, electrical stimulation)TENS, PFMT, biofeedback (supine and upright, vaginal cones)1 (44):
 1 NS		1 (88):
 1 NS

Empty cells indicate that the intervention was not evaluated for the outcome designated in the given column.

Abbreviations: disc = discordant; MBSR = mindfulness-based stress reduction; NS = non-significant; PFMT = pelvic floor muscle training; TENS = transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

*

Results are given as number of studies (number of people), number of studies with significant difference and which intervention it favors, number of studies with discordant results (that is, within the same study, significant differences favoring one intervention were found on one scale or subscale, but nonsignificant differences were found on others, number of studies with nonsignificant differences.

†

Favor indicates a statistically significant (net) difference favoring the specified intervention.

From: Results

Cover of Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review Update
Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 212.
Balk E, Adam GP, Kimmel H, et al.
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