TABLE 23.1, Major growth factor families - Mechanisms of Vascular Disease

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Growth factor family	Cell source	Actions
Transforming Growth Factor β TGF-β1, TGF-β2 TGF-β3	Platelets Fibroblasts Macrophages	Fibroblast Chemotaxis and Activation ECM Deposition ⇑ Collagen Synthesis ⇑ TIMP Synthesis ⇓ MMP Synthesis Reduces Scarring ⇓ Collagen ⇓ Fibronectin
Platelet Derived Growth Factor PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, VEGF	Platelets Macrophages Keratinocytes Fibroblasts	Activation of Immune Cells and Fibroblasts ECM Deposition ⇑ Collagen Synthesis ⇑ TIMP Synthesis ⇓ MMP Synthesis Angiogenesis
Fibroblast Growth Factor Acidic FGF, Basic FGF, KGF^*	Macrophages Endothelial Cells Fibroblasts	Angiogenesis Endothelial Cell Activation Keratinocyte Proliferation and Migration ECM Deposition
Insulin-like Growth Factor IGF-I, IGF-II, Insulin	Liver Skeletal Musclexy Fibroblasts Macrophages Neutrophils	Keratinocyte Proliferation Fibroblast Proliferation Endothelial Cell Activation Angiogenesis ⇑ Collagen Synthesis ECM Deposition Cell Metabolism
Epidermal Growth Factor EGF, HB-EGF^**, TGF-α, Amphiregulin, Betacellulin	Keratinocytes Macrophages	Keratinocyte Proliferation and Migration ECM Deposition
Connective Tissue Growth Factor CTGF	Fibroblasts Endothelial Cells Epithelial Cells	Mediates Action of TGF-βs on Collagen Synthesis

Mechanisms of Vascular Disease: A Reference Book for Vascular Specialists [Internet].

Fitridge R, Thompson M, editors.

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