This volume provides a detailed assessment of the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by the professional and personal use of hair colourants. An additional 17 monographs evaluate the carcinogenicity of eight hair dyes, one cosmetic colourant, four industrial dyestuffs, and four aromatic amines, three of which are used in dyestuff manufacture.

The first and most extensive monograph considers the carcinogenic risk posed by occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal exposure to hair colourants. Citing consistent evidence from five large European cohort studies of excess risk for cancer of the urinary bladder in male hairdressers and barbers, the monograph concludes that occupation as a hairdresser or barber entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic. The carcinogenic risk linked to the personal use of hair colourants could not be determined.

Of the eight hair dyes considered, only one, HC Blue No. 1, could be classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The cosmetic colourant, D&C Red No. 9 (CI Pigment Red 53:1), could not be classified. Of the four industrial dyestuffs, CI Direct Blue 15, CI Acid Red 114, and magenta containing CI Basic Red 9 were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The manufacture of magenta was classified as entailing exposures that are carcinogenic.

Of the four aromatic amines, 4,4'-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) was classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. para-Chloroaniline and 2,6-dimethylaniline were classified as possibly carcinogenic; N,N-dimethyl-aniline could not be classified.

Contents

• NOTE TO THE READER
• LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
• PREAMBLE
• GENERAL REMARKS
• THE MONOGRAPHS
  • Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers and Barbers and Personal use of Hair Colourants
    • 1. Exposure Data
    • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
    • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 4. Other Relevant Data
    • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
    • 6. References
  • Hair Dyes
    • CI ACID ORANGE 3
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • HC BLUE NO. 1
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • HC BLUE NO. 2
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • HC RED NO. 3
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • HC YELLOW NO. 4
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • 2-AMINO-4-NITROPHENOL
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • 2-AMINO-5-NITROPHENOL
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • 1,4-DIAMINO-2-NITROBENZENE (2-Nitro-para-phenylenediamine)
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
  • Cosmetic Colourant
    • D&C Red No. 9 (CI PIGMENT RED 53:1)
  • Industrial Dyestuffs
    • MAGENTA AND CI BASIC RED 9
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • CI DIRECT BLUE 15
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • CI ACID RED 114
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • CI PIGMENT RED 3
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
  • Aromatic Amines
    • 4,4′-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE) (MOCA)
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • para-CHLOROANILINE
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • 2,6-DIMETHYLANILINE (2,6-XYLIDINE)
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
    • N,N-DIMETHYLANILINE
      • 1. Exposure Data
      • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
      • 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
      • 4. Other Relevant Data
      • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 6. References
• SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
• APPENDIX 1
• APPENDIX 2
• SUPPLEMENTARY CORRIGENDA TO VOLUMES 1–56
• PUBLICATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER
• IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS

Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are published online at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/corrigenda.php.

Corrigenda to Volume 57. (PDF, 36K)

LIBRARY CATALOGUING DATA

This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 16–13 October 1992

Lyon, France - 1993