| Study (location) | Study design | Population | Measure of exposure to ETS | Relative risk (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahlborg and Bodin 1991 (Sweden) | Prospective study Self-administered questionnaire | 2,936 nonsmokers | Living with smoker Spending most time at work around smokers | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) for exposure at home
*
1.5 (1.0-2.4) for exposure at workplace * 1.1 (0.8-1.5) for any exposure * |
| Windham et al. 1992 (California) | Case-control study Telephone interview | 626 cases 1,300 controls | Spending > 1 hour/day at home or work
around smokers Number of cigarettes smoked by father | 1.6 (1.2-2.1) for any exposure > 1 hour/day
**
1.0 (0.8-1.3) for any paternal smoking ** No dose-response effect |
| Windham et al. 1999c (California) | Prospective study Telephone interview | 5,144 pregnancies 4,209 nonsmokers | Hours/day at home and/or work Amount smoked by spouse or partner | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) ** for any ETS; no dose-response effect |
Adjusted relative risk for spontaneous abortions and stillbirths combined.
Adjusted relative risk for spontaneous abortion at < 20 weeks' gestation.
Adjusted for age, prior spontaneous abortion, alcohol and caffeine consumption, and gestational age at interview.
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
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