| Study | Population | Years study began/average length of follow-up | Number of CHD events | Relative risk (95%
confidence interval) | Adjustment factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hirayama 1984b | 91,540 married women Japan | 1966 16 years | 494 deaths | 1.3 (1.1-1.6) * | Age, spouse's occupation |
| Garland et al. 1985 | 695 married women San Diego, California | 1972 10 years | 10 deaths | 2.7 ** | Age, systolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol level, obesity, years of marriage |
| Svendsen et al. 1987 | 1,245 married men 18 U.S. cities | 1973 7 years | 13 deaths 69 fatal and nonfatal events | 2.2
(0.7-6.9)§
1.6 (1.0-2.7) | Age, blood pressure, cholesterol level, weight, alcohol use, education |
| Butler 1998 | 9,785 women (from spuse pairs) Loma Linda, California 3,488 women,1,489 men Adventist Health Smog Study Loma Linda, California | 1976 6 years 1976 6 years | 87 deaths Women: 70 deaths Men: 76 deaths | 1.4 (05-3.8)
>§<§
1.5 (0.0-2.5)¶ 0.6 (0.3-1.2)¶ | Age |
| Helsing et al.1988 | 12,348 women, 3,454 men Western Maryland | 1963 | Women: 988 deaths Men:370 deaths | 1.2
(1.1-1.4)¶¶
1.3 (1.1-1.6)¶¶ | Education, marital status, age housing quality |
| Hole et al. 1989 | 2,455 women and men Scotland | 1972 11.5 years | 84 deaths | 2.0 (1.2-3.4) *** | Age, gender, social class, diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol level, body mass index |
| Humble et al. 1990 | 513 married women Evans County, Georgia | 1960 20 years | 76 deaths | 1.6 (1.0-2.6)§ | Age, blood pressure, cholesterol level, body mass index |
| LeVois and Layard 1995 | 247,412 women, 88,458
men CPS-I¶¶ 226,067 women, 108,772 men CPS-II *** | 1960 13 years 1983 6 years | Women and men: 14,901 deaths Women:7,133 deaths Men:7,768 deaths Women:1,099 deaths Men:1,966 deaths | 1.00 (0.97-1.04)
1.03 (0.98-1.1)§ 0.97 (0.9-1.1)§ 1.0 (0.98-1.1)§ 0.97 (0.9-1.1)§ | Age, race |
| Steenland et al. 1996 | 208,372 women, 101,227 men CPS-II | 1982 7 years | Women: 1,325 deaths Men:2,494 deaths | 1.1 (0.96-1.3)
>§<§
1.2 (1.1-1.4) >§<§ | Age; history of heart disease, hypertension, arthritis; body mass index; alcohol use; use of aspirin and diuretics; employment status; exercise; estrogen use in women |
| Kawachi et al. 1997a | 32,046 women Nurses' Health Study | 1982 10 years | 152 total events 127 nonfatal myocardial infarctions 25 deaths | 1.7
(1.03-2.8)§§
1.7 (0.99-3.0)§§ 1.9 (0.6-8.2)§§ | Alcohol use; body mass index; history of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, infarctions; menopausal status; use of hormones; physical activity; intake of vitamin E and fat; aspirin use; family history |
Spouse smoked > 20 cigarettes/day vs. spouse never smoked.
Spouse was current or former smoker vs.spouse did not smoke; the confidence interval was not provided, but the p value was reported to be <0.10.
Spouse smoked vs.spouse did not smoke.
Spouse was current smoker vs.spouse never smoked.
Spouse was current smoker vs.spouse never smoked.
Score for household ETS>1 vs. 0.
Any passive smoking vs.none.
CPS-I = Cancer Prevention Study I; American Cancer Society cohort.
CPS-II = Cancer Prevention Study II; American Cancer Society cohort.
Any ETS exposure at home or at work vs.none.
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
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