| Study | Number of cases | Time in relation to diagnosis | Relative risk (95% confidence interval) * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Former smokers | Current smokers | |||
| Case-control | ||||
| Somerville et al. 1984 ** | 81 | D§ | NR >§<§ | 4.8 (2.4-9.7)¶ ¶¶ |
| 52 *** | D | NR | 8.2 (2.8-24.0)¶ | |
| Thornton et al. 1985 | 30 | D | Increased risk | Increased risk§§§ |
| Burns 1986 | 25 | A | Decreased risk | Decreased risk§§§ |
| Benoni and Nilsson 1987 | 155 | D | 0.7 | 2.2§ |
| 90 *** | D | 0.2 | 2.7§ | |
| Franceschi et al. 1987 | 109 | D | 3.5 (1.5-8.0) | 4.2 (2.3-7.7) |
| 49 *** | D | 3.0 (0.9-10.6) | 4.8 (2.0-11.3) | |
| Tobin et al. 1987 | 132 *** | D | 1.6 (0.6-4.1) NR | 3.1 (1.6-6.0) |
| Lindberg et al. 1988 ** | 144 | D | 1.9 (0.8-4.3) | 2.0 (1.3-3.1) |
| Silverstein et al. 1989 | 115 | 1.5 (0.7-2.9) | 3.7 (1.9-7.1) | |
| Persson et al. 1990 ** | 60 | D | 1.2 (0.5-3.1) | 1.3 (0.7-2.6 |
| 89 *** | D | 1.0 (0.3-4.0) | 5.0 (2.7-9.2) | |
| Katschinski et al. 1993 | 83 | D | 1.1 (0.3-4.3) | 3.8 (1.5-9.5) |
| Reif et al. 1995 | 33 | A | Increased risk | Decreased risk§§§ |
| Corrao et al.1998 | 225 | D | 1.7 (0.9-3.3) | 1.7 (1.1-2.6) |
| Cohort | ||||
| Vessey et al. 1986 | 18 *** | D | Decreased risk **** | Increased risk§§§ |
| Logan and Kay 1989 | 42 *** | D | NR | Increased risk¶¶ |
Compared with those who never smoked, unless otherwise indicated.
Population-based study.
D = Smoking status ascertained before or soon after diagnosis.
NR = Not reported.
< 0.05.
Compared with former smokers and those who never smoked.
Number of women.
Percentage of smokers differed significantly between cases and controls; p < 0.05.
A = Smoking status ascertained after diagnosis.
p > 0.05.
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
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