| Study | Population | Smoking status | Relative bone density * (%) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holló et al. 1979 | Volunteers Aged 61-75 years Hungary | 41 smokers 125 nonsmokers | Radius: -6.0 ** | |
| Rundgren and Mellström 1984 | Population sample Aged 70, 75, 79 years Sweden | 111 current smokers 825 never smoked | Calcaneus: -13.6 to -31.4 ** >§<§ | |
| Sowers et al. 1985b | Population sample Aged 55-80 years United States | 72 ever smoked 252 never smoked | Distal radius: +1.6 | Adjustment for age, muscle mass |
| Jensen 1986 | Population sample Aged 70 years Denmark >§<§ | 77 current smokers 103 never smoked | Radius: -5.2 | |
| Jensen and Christiansen 1988 | Clinical trial participants Aged 45-54 years Denmark >§<§ | 56 smokers 54 nonsmokers | Distal forearm: -1.3 | |
| Hansen et al. 1991 | Clinical trial participants Menopause in past 3 years Denmark | 61 current smokers 117 nonsmokers | Lumbar spine: -3.4 Radius: +1.0 Femoral neck: -5.8 ** Trochanter: -8.1 ** Ward's triangle: -8.2 ** | Findings similar after adjustment for multiple factors |
| Krall and Dawson-Hughes 1991 | Clinical trial
participants Low-to-moderate calcium intake Aged 40-70 years United States >§<§ | 35 current smokers 285 nonsmokers | Lumbar spine: +0.4 Radius: -0.5 Femoral neck: -0.8 Calcaneus: -2.4 | Multiple regression: pack-years significant predictor of bone density of radius |
| Bauer et al. 1993; Orwoll et al. 1996 | Volunteers Aged > 65 years United States | 970 current smokers 8,734 nonsmokers | Distal radius: -5.8
**
Femoral neck: -4.5 ** | Age-adjusted
estimates Multivariate-adjusted estimate for radius, -2.1% Age- and weight-adjusted estimate for hip, -1.9% ** |
| Cheng et al. 1993 | Responders to population survey Aged 75 years Finland | 10 current smokers 161 nonsmokers | Calcaneus: -15 | Estimate adjusted for body mass Analysis of variance: statistically significant differences among former and current smokers and persons who never smoked |
| Hollenbach et al. 1993 | Responders to population survey Aged 60-100 years United States | 181 current smokers 573 nonsmokers | Lumbar spine: -0.3 Mid-radius: -2.6 Ultradistal radius: -1.3 Total hip: -5.0 ** | Estimates adjusted for multiple factors |
| Nguyen et al. 1994 | Responders to population survey Australia | 1,080 participants | Lumbar spine: -5.9
**
Femoral neck: -7.6 ** | Estimates adjusted for age, weight |
| Egger et al. 1996 | Responders to study of long-term residents Aged 63-73 years England | 23 current smokers 99 never smoked | Lumbar spine: -8.2 Femoral neck: -3.9 | Estimates adjusted for multiple factors |
| Kiel et al. 1996 | Participants in cohort study Aged > 70 years United States | 51 current smokers 222 never smoked | Never used menopausal estrogen Radial shaft: 0 Ultradistal radius: -5.8 Femoral neck: -0.7 Trochanter: -2.4 Ward's area: -3.4 L2-L4 spine: +4.1 | Estimates adjusted for multiple factors |
| Ever used menopausal estrogen Radial shaft: -4.4 Ultradistal radius: -19.0 Femoral neck: -3.2 Trochanter: -8.0 ** Ward's area: -7.3 L2-L4 spine: +2.2 | Estimates adjusted for multiple factors | |||
| Law et al. 1997a | Healthy volunteers Aged <65 years England | 105 current smokers 288 never smokers | Distal radius: 0 |
Relative bone density = (bone density in smokers - bone density in nonsmokers)/bone density in nonsmokers, based on unadjusted bone density means, unless otherwise noted in comments.
Statistically significant at p < 0.05.
Dates of subject recruitment not stated.
Different age groups.
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
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