| Study | Population | Smoking status | Relationship with WHR | Covariate adjustment factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haffner et al. 1986 | 388 women, 563 men Aged 25-64 years | Cigarettes/day | Positive association for both women and men | BMI, * age, physical activity level, alcohol intake, ethnicity |
| Barrett-Connor and Khaw 1989 | 1,112 women, 836 men Aged 50-79 years | Never smoked Former smokers Current smokers | Positive linear trend across smoking categories for
both women and men Positive linear trend for women within BMI tertiles Nonsignificant positive trend for men within BMI tertiles | Age, BMI |
| den Tonkelaar et al. 1989 | 152 premenopausal women, 300 postmenopausal women Aged 41-75 years | Nonsmokers Current smokers | WHR higher for smokers than for nonsmokers among premenopausal women only | BMI |
| Lapidus et al. 1989 | 1,462 women Aged 38-60 years | Cigarettes/day | Positive association | Age, BMI |
| den Tonkelaar et al. 1990 | 5,923 premenopausal women, 3,568 postmenopausal
women Aged 40-73 years | Never smoked Former smokers, >20 cigarettes/day Current smokers, <10, 10-20, or >20 cigarettes/day | Positive linear trend across categories of number
of cigarettes smoked for both premenopausal and postmenopausal
women Positive linear trend within BMI tertiles for current smokers | BMI, BMI2, age |
| Kaye et al.1990 | 40,980 postmenopausal women Aged 55-69 years | Never smoked Former smokers Current smokers | Positive linear trend across smoking categories | Age, BMI |
| Marti et al.1991 | 2,756 women, 2,526 men Aged 25-64 years | 7-point scale 1 = never smoked 7 = current smokers of > 25 cigarettes/day | No statistically significant independent association across smoking index in women or men | Age, education, heart rate, dietary fat, alcohol, consumption, exercise |
| Wing et al. 1991 | 487 women Aged 42-50 years | Never smoked Former smokers Current smokers | Positive linear trend across smoking
groups Positive association with number of cigarettes smoked | BMI |
| Daniel et al. 1992 | 56 women Aged 20-35 years | Nonsmokers Never smoked Former smokers Current smokers | WHR higher for smokers than for nonsmokers | None |
| Armellini et al. 1993 | 307 women, 294 men Outpatients Aged 20-60 years | Never smoked Current smokers, <10, 10-15, or >15 cigarettes/day | WHR and number of cigarettes smoked not significantly associated for women or men | Age, BMI, alcohol intake, physical activity level, menopausal status |
| Kaye et al. 1993 | 1,464 black women, 1,142 black men 1,300 white women, 1,159 white men Aged 18-30 years | Never smoked Former smokers Current smokers | Positive linear trend across smoking categories for both genders and races | Age, BMI |
| Duncan et al. 1995 | 2,366 black women, 1,444 black men 5,872 white women, 5,293 white men Aged 45-64 years | Never smoked Former smokers Current smokers | WHR higher for current smokers than for those who never smoked for both genders and races | Age, education, BMI, physical activity, menopausal status, alcohol intake |
BMI = Body mass index.
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
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