| Study | Study type | Population | Study period | Smoking status | Relative risk (95% confidence interval) | Adjustment factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kline et al. 1997 | Case-control | 574 cases with spontaneous abortion 320 controls delivering after > 28 weeks' gestation United States | 1974-1976 | Nonsmokers Smkoers | 1.0 1.8 (1.3-2.5) | Age at last menses, history of abortion and live births |
| Ericson and Källén 1986 | 219 cases with spontaneous abortion 1,032 controls with live-born infant without major malformation Sweden | 1980-1981 | Nonsmokers Smokers | 1.0 1.0 (0.6-1.5) | Video screen use, stress | |
| Sandahl 1989 | Case-control | 610 cases with spontaneous abortion 1,337 controls delivering infant Sweden | 1980-1985 | Nonsmokers Smokers Any smoking > 10 cigarettes/day | 1.0 0.9 (0.8-1.0) 0.9 (0.7-1.0) | Maternal age parity |
| Armstrong et al. 1992 | Cohort | 47,146 pregnant women 10,191 women with spontaneous abortion Canada | 1982-1984 | Maternal age, education, ethnicity, employment during pregnancy | ||
| Windham et al. 1992 | Case-control | 626 cases with spontaneous abortion at < 20 weeks'
gestation 1,300 controls delivering live infant United States | 1986-1987 | Nonsmokers Smokers 1-10 cigarettes/day > 10 cigarettes/day | 1.0 0.9 (0.7-1.2) 1.1 (0.8-1.6) | Maternal age, previous fetal loss, marital status, insurance, alcohol intake, intake of bottled water |
| Dominguez-Rojas et al. 1994 | Cohort | 711 women with > 1 pregnancy 169 women with spontaneous abortion Spain | 1989-1991 | Nonsmokers Smokers 1-10 cigarettes/day >11 cigarettes/day | 1.0 1.0 (0.6-1.5) 3.4(1.7-6.9) | Maternal age, age at menarche, previous spontaneous abortion, marital status |
| Chatenoud et al. 1998 | Case control | 782 cases with spontaneous abortion at < 12
weeks' gestation admitted to hospital 1,543 controls delivering healthy term infants Italy | 1990-1997 | Never smoked Former smokers Smokers before pregnancy Smokers before and during pregnancy | 1.0 0.9 (0.7-1.2) 0.7 (0.5-1.0) 1.3 (1.0-1.6) | Maternal age, education, marital status, history of spontaneous abortion or miscarriage, nausea, alcohol or coffee intake in first trimester |
| Ness et al. 1999 | Case-control | 570 cases with spontaneous abortion presenting
in hospital emergency department United States | 1995-1997 | Never smoked Former smokers Current smokers | 1.0 0.9 (0.6-1.3) 1.4 (1.0-1.9) | None |
| Windham et al. 1999b | Cohort | 5,342 pregnant women 499 women with spontaneous abortion United States | 1990-1991 | Nonsmokers Smokers 1-4 cigarettes/day 5 cigarettes/day | 1.0 0.9 (0.6-1.5) 1.3 (0.9-1.9) | Maternal age, prior fetal loss, alcohol intake, caffeine intake, gestational age at interview |
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
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