| Study | Population | Study period | End point | Smoking status | Relative risk (95%confidence interval) | Adjustment factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olsen et al. 1983 | Cases: 213 women with primary
infertility Controls: 1,296 fertile women Denmark | 1977-1980 | Primary infertility | Nonsmokers Smokers | 1.0 1.6 (1.1-2.2) | Maternal age, parity, education, oral contraceptive use, alcohol consumption, residence |
| Cases: 65 women with secondary
infertility Controls: 1,651 fertile women Denmark | 1977-1980 | Secondary infertility | Nonsmokers Smokers | 1.0 2.1 (1.3-3.6) | Maternal age, parity, education, oral contraceptive use, alcohol consumption, residence | |
| Daling et al. 1987 | Cases: 170 women with primary tubal
infertility Controls: 170 fertile women never previously pregnant United States | 1979-1981 | Never smoked Former smokers Current smokers | 1.0 1.1 (0.5-2.5) 2.7 (1.4-5.3) | Matched for race, census tract of residence, age | |
| Phipps et al. 1987 | Cases: 1,390 infertile
women Controls: 1,264 women after delivery United States and Canada | 1981-1983 | Primary infertility | Nonsmokers | 1.0 | Maternal age, religion, contraception use, time since menarche, number of sexual partners, education |
| Smokers, infertility thought primarily due to: | ||||||
| Cervical factor | 1.7 (1.0-2.7) | |||||
| Tubal disease | 1.6 (1.1-2.2) | |||||
| Ovulatory factor | 1.0 (0.8-1.4) | |||||
| Endometriosis | 0.9 (0.6-1.3) | |||||
| Joesoef et al. 1993 | Cases: 1,815 infertile women Controls: 1,760 primiparous fertile women United States | 1981-1983 | Primary infertility | Never smoked Former smokers Current smokers | 1.0 0.6 (0.5-0.8) 1.9 (1.5-2.3) | Maternal age, body mass index, education, age at menarche, gravidity, frequency of sexual intercourse, number of previous miscarriages, use of marijuana, use of cocaine, consumption of alcohol |
| Tzonou et al. 1993 | Cases: 84 infertile women Controls: 168 pregnant women Greece | 1987-1988 | Secondary infertility | Never smoked Ever smoked | 1.0 2.6 (1.2-6.0) | Maternal age, gravidity, education, residence, |
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.