| Study | Study type | Population | Study period | Smoking status | Relative conception rate (95% confidence interval) | Adjustment factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baird and Wilcox 1985 | Retrospective survey | 678 pregnant women United States | 1983 | Nonsmokers | 1.0 | Maternal: age, body mass index, parity, previous infertility, frequency of sexual intercourse, last contraception method used, recent pregnancy, maternal alcohol consumption Paternal: smoking |
| Smokers | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) | |||||
| < 20 cigarettes/day | 0.8 (0.6-0.9) | |||||
| >20 cigarettes/day | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) | |||||
| Howe et al. 1985 | Cohort | 6,199 episodes of attempted conceptionz United Kingdom | 1968-1983 | Never smoked | 1.0 | Contraception (results not altered by further adjustment for social class, maternal age at marriage, parity) |
| Former smokers | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | |||||
| Current smokers | ||||||
| 1-5 cigarettes/day | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | |||||
| 6-10 cigarettes/day | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | |||||
| 11-15 cigarettes/day | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | |||||
| 16-20 cigarettes/day | 0.8 (0.7-0.9) | |||||
| > 21 cigarettes/day | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | |||||
| de Mouzon et al. 1988 | Cohort | 1,887 women with planned
pregnancies France | 1977-1982 | Nonsmokers Smokers | 1.0 0.9 (0.6-1.2) | Maternal: contraception use, attempt to conceive before study entry, previous delivery, social class Paternal: smoking |
| Weinberg et al. 1989 | Cohort | 221 women with planned pregnancies United States | 1983-1985 | Nonsmokers Smokers | 1.0 0.6 (0.3-1.0) | Education, body mass index, weight, gravidity, oral contraceptive use, induced and spontaneous abortions, previous pregnancy outcomes, termination of recent pregnancy, alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption, marijuana use, childhood exposure to cigarette smoke |
| Joesoef et al. 1993 | Survey on deliveries | 2,817 women with planned pregnancies United States | 1981-1983 | Never smoked Former smokers Current smokers | 1.0 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | Maternal: age, body mass index, education, age at menarche, gravidity, frequency of sexual intercourse, number of previous miscarriages, alcohol use, marijuana use, cocaine use |
| Florack et al. 1994 | Cohort | 259 women planning
pregnancy The Netherlands | 1987-1989 | Nonsmokers | 1.0 | None |
| Smokers | ||||||
| 1-10 cigarettes/day | 1.4 (0.9-2.2) | |||||
| >10 cigarettes/day | 0.8 (0.5-1.3) | |||||
| Joffe and Li 1994 | Retrospective cohort | 2,942 women enrolled at birth of
infant United Kingdom | 1991 | Nonsmokers Smokers | 1.0 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | Maternal: age, education Paternal: smoking, education |
| Curtis et al. 1997 | Retrospective cohort | 2,607 women with planned
pregnancies Canada | 1986 | Nonsmokers | 1.0 | Maternal: age, spousal smoking, recent oral contraceptive use |
| Former smokers | 1.0 (0.8-1.1) | |||||
| Smokers | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | |||||
| 1-5 cigarettes/day | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | |||||
| 6-10 cigarettes/day | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | |||||
| 11-20 cigarettes/day | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | |||||
| >20 cigarettes/day | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) | |||||
| Spinelli et al. 1997 | Survey on deliveries | 662 women with planned pregnancies Italy | 1993 | Nonsmokers Smokers | 1.0 0.8 (0.7-1.0) | Maternal: working hours, shift work, use of
video display terminal, industrial occupation, noisy
workplace, exposure to solvents, physical stress, job
decision latitude, job demands, stress from lack of support,
coffee consumption, tea consumption, alcohol intake, age,
parity Paternal: industrial occupation, exposure to solvents, exposure to fumes, smoking, frequency of sexual intercourse |
Note: Relative conception rate compares probability of conception among smokers and nonsmokers; impairment of fecundity. values <1.0 indicate
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
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