| Study | Population | Number of years of follow-up | Outcome | Smoking status | Relative risk (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hirayama 1990 | 142,857 women Aged > 40 years Sampled from census Japan | 17 | Death from cerebrovascular disease | Nonsmokers | 1.0 |
| Current smokers 1-9 cigarettes/day | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) * | ||||
| 10-19 cigarettes/day | 1.1 (0.99-1.2) * | ||||
| > 20 cigarettes/day | 1.3 (1.1-1.6) * | ||||
| Death from subarachnoid hemorrhage | Nonsmokers | 1.0 | |||
| Current smokers 1-9 cigarettes/day | 1.5 (1.2-2.5) | ||||
| 10-19 cigarettes/day | 1.4 (0.9-2.2) | ||||
| > 20 cigarettes/day | 2.1 (0.9-4.6) | ||||
| Kiyohara et al. 1990 | 904 women Aged >40 years Japan | 23 | Nonembolic cerebral infarction | Never smoked Current smokers | 1.0 0.8 (0.4-1.4) |
| Knekt et al. 1991 | Population samples Aged 20-69 years Finland | 12 | Subarachnoid hemorrhage | Nonsmokers Current smokers | 1.0 2.4 (1.4-4.0) |
| Kawachi et al. 1993b | 117,006 women nurses Aged 30-55 years United States | 12 | Total stroke | Never smoked | 1.0 |
| Current smokers 1-14 cigarettes/day | 2.0 (1.3-3.1) | ||||
| 15-24 cigarettes/day | 3.3 (2.4-4.7) | ||||
| 25-34 cigarettes/day | 3.1 (1.9-4.9) | ||||
| > 35 cigarettes/day | 4.5 (2.8-7.2) | ||||
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | Never smoked Current smokers | 1.0 4.9 (2.9-8.1) | |||
| Kawachi et al. 1993b (continued) | Ischemic stroke | Never smoked Current smokers | 1.0 2.5 (1.9-3.4) | ||
| Cerebral hemorrhage | Never smoked Current smokers | 1.0 1.4 (0.8-2.8) | |||
| Lindenstrøm et al. 1993 | 7,060 women Aged >35 years Denmark | 12 | Total stroke or transient ischemic attack | Never smoked Current smokers | 1.0 1.4 (1.02-1.9) |
| Burns et al. 1997b | 594,551 women Aged >30 years 25 U.S. states | 12 | Death from stroke | Never smoked | 1.0 |
| Current smokers Aged 35-49 years | 2.5 ** | ||||
| Aged 50-64 years | 2.2 ** | ||||
| Aged 65-79 years | 1.3 ** | ||||
| Aged > 80 years | 0.8 ** | ||||
| Friedman et al. 1997 (see Table 3.23) | 36,035 women Aged > 35 years United States | 6 | Death from stroke | Never smoked | 1.0 |
| Current smokers 1-19 cigarettes/day | 0.9 ** | ||||
| > 20 cigarettes/day | 1.9 ** | ||||
| Thun et al. 1997c | 676,527 women Aged >30 years 50 U.S. states | 6 | Death from stroke | Never smoked Current smokers | 1.0 1.5 (1.2-1.7) |
90% confidence interval.
95% confidence interval was not reported.
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
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