| Study | Cases | Controls | Relative risk (95% confidence interval) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Number | Source | Number | Ever smoked | Current smokers | Former smokers | |
| Harris et al. 1980 | Dysplasia/CIS§ | 190 | Hospital | 422 | 2.1 * ** | ||
| Lyon et al. 1983 | CIS | 217 | Community | 243 | 3.0 (1.9-4.8) >§<§ | ||
| Trevathan et al. 1983 | Mild, moderate dysplasia | 194 | Family-planning program | 288 | 2.4 (1.6-3.7) | 2.6 (1.7-4.1) | 1.6 (0.8-3.6) |
| Severe dysplasia | 81 | 3.3 (1.9-5.8) | 3.0 (1.6-5.6) | 5.7 (2.4-13.5) | |||
| CIS | 99 | 3.6 (2.1-6.2) | 4.2 (2.7-7.5) | 2.1 (0.8-5.6) | |||
| Clarke et al. 1985 | Dysplasia | 250 | Neighbor | 500 | 3.1 * ** | 1.1 ** | |
| Mayberry 1985 | CIN¶ | 210¶¶ | Clinic | 317 | 2.0 (1.3-3.0) | 1.4 (0.7-2.8) | |
| La Vecchia et al. 1986 | CIN | 183 | Screening program | 183 | 2.6 (1.3-5.2) *** | 2.5 (0.9-6.7) | |
| Brock et al. 1989 | CIS | 116 | Physician | 193 | 4.5 (2.2-9.1) | 1.3 (0.6-3.0) | |
| Slattery et al. 1989 | CIS | 266§§§ | Random digit dialing | 408 | 3.4 (2.1-5.6) | 1.4 (0.8-2.5) | |
| Coker et al. 1992 | CIN II, III | 103 | Clinic ¶¶¶ | 268 | 1.7 (0.9-3.3) | 3.4 (1.7-7.0) | |
| Parazzini et al. 1992a | CIN I, II | 128 | Screening program | 323 | 1.8 (1.1-2.9) | 1.1 (0.4-2.9) | |
| CIN III | 238 | 2.0 (1.3-3.1) | 1.7 (0.8-3.5) | ||||
| Munoz et al. 1993 | CIN III | 525 | Cytology | 512 | |||
| Spain | 1.3 (0.7-2.3) | 0.9 (0.2-3.8) | |||||
| Colombia | 2.0 (1.3-3.0) | 1.8 (0.9-3.5) | |||||
| Becker et al. 1994 | CIN II, III | 201 | Colposcopy | 337 | 1.4 (1.0-2.1) | 1.8 (1.2-2.8) | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) |
| de Vet et al. 1994 | Dysplasia | 257 | Population | 705 | 3.5 (2.1-5.9) * | 2.0 (1.1-3.4) | |
| Kjaer et al. 1996 | CIS | 586 | Population | 614 | 2.3 (1.6-3.2) | 2.4 (1.7-3.4) | 1.6 (1.0-2.7) |
| Ylitalo et al. 1999 | CIS | 422 | Screening program | 422 | 1.9 (1.3-2.8) | 1.5 (0.9-2.3) | |
>20 cigarettes/day.
95% confidence interval was not provided,but the results were reported as not significant.
CIS = Carcinoma in situ.
90% confidence interval.
CIN = Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; CIN II and CIN III define disease progression.
Includes 35 women with severe dysplasia, 9 with CIS, and 10 with invasive carcinoma.
>15 cigarettes/day.
Includes 36 women with invasive carcinoma.
Women with normal cervical cytologies.
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
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