TABLE J-44Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Nonpregnant, Postpartum, or Breastfeeding Non-WIC-Participating Women Ages 19 to 50 Years, NHANES 2005–2012

NutrientPercentiles and Mean (SE)EAR or AI* (NPNL/P/BF)% Inadeq (SE)UL% > UL (SE)
10th25thMedianMean75th90th
Calcium (mg/d)498 (12)633 (10)812 (10)852 (6)1,028 (15)1,258 (24)80048.3 (1.3)2,5000
Copper (mg/d)0.70 (0.01)0.85 (0.01)1.0 (0.01)1.1 (0.01)1.2 (0.01)1.6 (0.03)0.7/0.8/1.010.2 (1.5)100
Iron (mg/d)8.1 (0.16)9.9 (0.13)12.3 (0.13)12.8 (0.08)15.2 (0.20)18.3 (0.34)8.1/22.0/6.510.1 (1.6)450
Magnesium (mg/d)158 (3.0)195 (2.5)243 (2.4)253 (1.6)300 (3.6)362 (6.0)255/290/25561.0 (1.3)350NE
Phosphorus (mg/d)766 (14)926 (11)1,127 (11)1,163 (6.5)1,362 (16)1,606 (25)58003,5000
Selenium (μg/d)63 (1.3)76 (1.0)92 (0.95)94 (0.51)110 (1.3)129 (2.1)45/49/591.1 (0.5)4000
Zinc (mg/d)6.4 (0.13)7.7 (0.11)9.3 (0.10)9.7 (0.05)11.4 (0.15)13.5 (0.25)6.8/9.5/10.414.4 (2.1)400
Potassium (mg/d)1,431 (25)1,758 (23)2,178 (22)2,248 (13)2,660 (31)3,153 (49)4,700/4,700/5,100*NAND—
Sodium (mg/d)1,947 (39)2,379 (31)2,918 (28)3,013 (18)3,536 (41)4,189 (69)1,500*2.4 (0.7)2,30078.3 (1.7)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d)246 (7.7)332 (7.1)461 (8.1)531 (5.8)650 (15.0)897 (29.6)500/550/90056.4 (1.5)NA—
Retinol (μg/d)111 (58)167 (55)251 (59)281 (35)363 (99)492 (178)NANA3,0000
Vitamin E mg (αTOC/d)3.7 (0.09)4.7 (0.08)6.0 (0.08)6.5 (0.05)7.8 (0.13)9.8 (0.24)12/12/201696.4 (1.1)1000NE
Vitamin C (mg/d)28 (1.2)42 (1.2)66 (1.5)78 (0.97)101 (2.6)144 (4.8)60/70/10043.7 (1.4)2,0000
Thiamin (mg/d)0.88 (0.02)1.0 (0.01)1.3 (0.01)1.3 (0.01)1.6 (0.02)1.9 (0.03)0.9/1.2/1.211.4 (1.8)ND—
Riboflavin (mg/d)1.1 (0.02)1.3 (0.02)1.7 (0.02)1.7 (0.01)2.1 (0.03)2.6 (0.05)0.9/1.2/1.24.3 (1.0)ND—
Niacin (mg/d)13 (0.28)16 (0.23)20 (0.21)21 (0.12)24 (0.31)29 (0.53)11/14/20132.9 (1.0)35NE
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)1.0 (0.02)1.2 (0.02)1.6 (0.02)1.7 (0.01)2.0 (0.03)2.4 (0.05)1.1/1.6/1.713.6 (2.1)1000
Folate (μg DFE/d)273 (6.4)341 (5.5)433 (5.6)459 (3.2)548 (8.6)676 (14.8)320/520/45019.8 (2.1)1,000NE
Vitamin B12 (mg/d)2.5 (0.07)3.1 (0.06)3.9 (0.06)4.2 (0.03)4.9 (0.10)6.2 (0.19)2.0/2.2/2.43.2 (1.5)ND—
Choline (mg/d)173 (3.7)210 (3.0)259 (2.8)268 (1.6)316 (4.2)376 (6.7)425/450/550NA3,5000

NOTES: N = 2,611. See additional notes following this table.

NOTES for Tables J-40 through J-44: * = an AI value; — = not applicable due to no recommendation; % Inadeq = percentage of individuals with usual intake below the EAR; αTOC = α-tocopherol; AI = Adequate Intake; EAR = Estimated Average Requirement; NA = not applicable; ND = not determined; NE = not evaluated; NPNL/P/BF = nonpregnant, non-breastfeeding/pregnant/breastfeeding; RAE = retinol activity equivalents; SE = standard error; UL = Tolerable Upper Limit. The ULs for folate, vitamin E, niacin, and magnesium represent intake from pharmacological agents only and do not include food intake. Vitamin D is not included because intake is a poor reflection of status. For percent inadequate calculations, the approach of IOM (2000b) was applied in which, when combining groups with different EARs, intakes in one of the groups are rescaled so they can be compared to the EAR of the other group. One value indicates that the EAR is the same across groups.

From: Appendix J, Nutrient and Food Intake of WIC Subgroups: Analytical Methods and Results

Cover of Review of WIC Food Packages
Review of WIC Food Packages: Improving Balance and Choice: Final Report.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review WIC Food Packages.
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 May 1.
Copyright 2017 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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