Table G6, Studies on meditation practices examined in clinical trials and observational studies - Meditation Practices for Health

Category of meditation practice	Meditation practice	N	Study design and associated references
Mantra meditation (337)	ACEM meditation	7	RCT (3);^956,^959,⁹⁶¹ Cohort (3);^720,^958,⁹⁶⁰ Cross sectional (1)⁹⁵⁷
	Ananda marga	3	Cohort (2);^498,⁵²⁶ Cross sectional (1)⁷⁸⁶
	Cayce's meditation	1	RCT (1) ⁶⁸⁰
	CSM	11	RCT (11) ^97,^193,^264,^384,^410,^536,^537,^627,^658,^676,⁷⁰²
	SRELAX (technique modeled after TM®	1	RCT (1) ²²²
	Concentrative/ rosary prayer	2	Before-and-after (1); ⁹⁶⁶ Cohort (1) ⁹⁶⁹
	Mantra meditation	31	RCT (17);^194,^203,^260,^434,^472,^483,^503,^531,^597,^626,^706,^719,^736,^761,^777,^805,⁹⁶⁵ NRCT (3);^494,^577,^650a Before-and-after (6);^393,⁶⁵²^–^654,^856,⁹⁶³ Cohort (1);⁸⁵³ Cross sectional (4); ^591,^828,^859,⁹³⁷
	RR	51	RCT (40);^208,^234,^236,^304,^306,^394,^460,⁴⁷⁵^–^477,^480,^504a^75,^91,^92,^94,^191,^192,^209,^218,^265,^268,^283,^284,^288,^396,^515,^521,^530,^558,^567,^569,^572,^592,^594,^610,^616,^625,^637,⁹⁸⁸ NRCT (5);^306b^228,^673,^678,⁹³⁸ Before-and-after (5);^414,^459,^524,^525,⁷⁵³ Cohort (1)⁴⁹²
	TM®	230	RCT (38);^86,^186,^189,^190,^205,^206,^210,^220,^221,^259,^261,^267,^279,^282,^309,^392,^407,^418,^433,^478,^519,^528,^545,^557,^674,^677,^683,^782,^796,⁹⁴⁵ ^78,^270,^424,^714,^759,^769,^793,¹⁰⁰⁵ NRCT (22); ^187,^188,^271,^289,^291,^292,^429,^440,^463,^518,^538,^587,^659,^662,^705,^787,^816,^974,^986,^293,^758,²⁵² Before-and-after (19); ^171,^295,^311,^319,^324,^471,^505,^533,^561,^709,^733,^750,^780,^814,^815,^850,^942,^996,¹⁰⁰² Cohort (97); ^80,^385,³⁹⁹^–^401,^436,^439,^449,^450,^452,^453,^458,^466,^469,^487,^499,^501,^508,^520,^522,^540,^548,^555,^563,^576,^581,^583,^585,^586,⁵⁹⁸^–^601,^607,^612,^619,^624,^771,^772,^776,^817,^923,^927,^928,^952,^964,^970,^1008a^624b^416,^422,^428,^633,^643,^644,^647,^655,^663,⁶⁶⁸^–^670,^672,^675,^685,^686,^688,^693,^695,^700,^703,^712,^721,^723,^779,^781,^790,^835,^950,^972,^983,^994,^997a^950b^731,^734,^936,^973a^973b^741,^745,^749,^757,^760,^763,^792,^939,¹⁰⁰³ Cross sectional (54) ^951a^951b^438,^441,^446,^451,^509,^795,^978,^980a^509b^513,^529,^534,^535,^546,^547a^547b^551,^552a^552b^560,^568,^570,^571a^571b^412,^582,^638,^640,^646,^648,^649,^660,^661,^671,^694,^701,^704,^717,^718,^722,^732,^737,^740,^743,^744,^748,^941,^975,^976,^993,^1000,¹⁰⁰⁴

Mindfulness meditation (127)	MBSR	49	RCT (22);^167,^195,^196,^244,^245,^263,^421,^423,^485,^493,^512,^556,^575,^579,^589,^687,^710,^711,^754,^756,^930,⁹³⁴^; NRCT (11) ^272,^419,^420,^482,^593,^602,^681,^689,^691,^752,⁷⁷³ Before-and-after (16) ^402,^457,^488,^517,^606,^609,^620,^622,^635,^682,^684,^692,^697,^724,^770,⁹⁴⁷
	MM (NS)	37	RCT (16);^241,^242,^258,^386,^395,^403,^444,^447,^448,^474,^490,^738,^751,^775,^932,¹⁰¹¹ NRCT (8);^106,^249,^430,^523,^532,^696,^728,⁷⁶² Before-and-after (6);^442,^464,^604,^716,^727,⁹²² Cohort (4);^479,^486,^605,⁶¹⁴ Cross sectional (3)^497,^511,⁶⁴¹
	Zen Buddhist meditation	28	RCT (7); ^70,^225,^237,^554,^765,^774,⁹²⁰ NRCT (5);^197,^227,^500,^629,⁶³⁹ Cohort (6);^105,^456,^550,^886,^917,⁹⁹⁵ Cross sectional (7);^443,^495,^636,^729,^742,^918,⁹²⁴ Before-and-after (3) ^426,^913,⁹¹⁶
	MBCT	7	RCT (5);^427,^455,^929,^940,⁹⁸⁴ NRCT (1);⁵⁵³ Before-and-after (1)⁷⁸⁴
	Vipassana	6	Before-and-after (2) ^847,⁸⁴⁸^; Cohort (2) ^708,⁹²¹^; Cross sectional (2) ^664,⁹⁹⁰

Meditation practices (ND)	21	RCT (11);^387,^484,^494b^215,^431,^514,^539,^651,^783,^910,⁹⁸⁷ NRCT (6);^198,^199,^274,^656,^730,⁹¹⁵ Before-and-after (2);^580,⁸⁰⁸ Cohort (1);⁶³⁰ Cross sectional (1)⁴⁸¹

Miscellaneous meditation practices	11	RCT (3);^507,^726,⁷⁹¹ Before-and-after (3);^621,^623,⁸⁰¹ Cohort (2);^935,⁹⁶⁷ Cross sectional (3)^454,^628,⁹³³

Qi Gong	37	RCT (13);^207,^211,^213,^214,^243,^262,^405,^767,^900,^919,^953,^954,⁹⁷⁷ Before-and-after (9);^299,^316,^502,^634,^875,^889,^891,^914,⁹⁴⁴ Cohort (7); ^161,²⁰⁰^–^202,^873,^907,⁹¹² Cross sectional (8);^632,^778,^884,^887,^888,^890,^892,⁸⁹³

Tai Chi	88	RCT (29);^235,^285,^286,^307,^391,^398,^408,^409,^413,^437,^467,^541,^573,^603,^631,^665,^871,^885,^894,^895,^1006,^223,^999,^746,^397,^882,^768,^246,²⁸⁷ NRCT(17);^248,^290,^326,^435,^489,^566,^595,^596,^617,^645,^698,^713,^789,^878,^904,^955,¹⁰⁰¹ Before-and-after (20);^152,^296,^317,^425,^564,^588,^590,^608,^657,^690,^715,^725,^747,^766,^872,^883,^897,^906,^931,⁹⁶² Cohort (4);^699,^874,^877,⁹⁰⁹ Cross sectional (18) ^388,^432,^470,^565,^735,^876,⁸⁷⁹^–^881,^896,^898,^899,⁹⁰¹^–^903,^905,^908,⁹¹¹

Yoga	192	RCT (69);^111,^118,^120,^127,^134,^138,^140,¹⁶⁸^–^170,^174,^176,^177,^182,^184,^185,^204,^212,^216,^217,^219,^224,^233,²³⁸^–^240,^266,^269,^278,^280,^281,^305,^308,^325,^389,^404,^417,^445,⁵⁴²^–^544,^549,^562,^584,^615,^618,^666,^764,^811,^819,^823,^825,^829,^832,⁸³⁶^–^839,^841,^844,^852,^858,^868,^926,^943,^946,^971,^991,⁹⁹⁸ NRCT (36);^122,^126,^137,^175,¹⁷⁸^–^181,^183,^226,^247,^250,^251,^273,^415,^461,^462,^642,^679,^794,^799,^804,^806,^809,^818,^824,^826,^834,^846,^854,^860,^864,^866,^925,^981,¹⁰⁰⁷ Before-and-after (54);^83,^133,^172,^294,^297,^298,³⁰⁰^–^303,^310,³¹²^–^315,^318,³²⁰^–^323,^406,^411,^468,^491,^510,^516,^559,^578,^611,^613,^707,^739,^797,^800,^802,^810,^812,^813,^821,^822,^827,^830,^831,^840,^843,^845,^851,^862,^863,^867,^870,^979,^982,⁹⁹² Cohort (18);^141,^142,^527,^574,^755,^788,^803,^807,^820,^833,^855,^857,^861,^948,^949,^985,^989,¹⁰⁰⁹ Cross-sectional (15) ^146,^390,^465,^473,^496,^506,^667,^785,^798,^842,^849,^865,^869,^968,¹⁰¹⁰

Category of meditation practice

Meditation practice

Study design and associated references

Mantra meditation (337)

ACEM meditation

RCT (3);^956,^959,⁹⁶¹ Cohort (3);^720,^958,⁹⁶⁰ Cross sectional (1)⁹⁵⁷

Ananda marga

Cohort (2);^498,⁵²⁶ Cross sectional (1)⁷⁸⁶

Cayce's meditation

RCT (1) ⁶⁸⁰

CSM

RCT (11) ^97,^193,^264,^384,^410,^536,^537,^627,^658,^676,⁷⁰²

SRELAX (technique modeled after TM®

RCT (1) ²²²

Concentrative/ rosary prayer

Before-and-after (1); ⁹⁶⁶ Cohort (1) ⁹⁶⁹

Mantra meditation

RCT (17);^194,^203,^260,^434,^472,^483,^503,^531,^597,^626,^706,^719,^736,^761,^777,^805,⁹⁶⁵ NRCT (3);^494,^577,^650a Before-and-after (6);^393,⁶⁵²^–^654,^856,⁹⁶³ Cohort (1);⁸⁵³ Cross sectional (4); ^591,^828,^859,⁹³⁷

RCT (40);^208,^234,^236,^304,^306,^394,^460,⁴⁷⁵^–^477,^480,^504a^75,^91,^92,^94,^191,^192,^209,^218,^265,^268,^283,^284,^288,^396,^515,^521,^530,^558,^567,^569,^572,^592,^594,^610,^616,^625,^637,⁹⁸⁸ NRCT (5);^306b^228,^673,^678,⁹³⁸ Before-and-after (5);^414,^459,^524,^525,⁷⁵³ Cohort (1)⁴⁹²

TM®

230

RCT (38);^86,^186,^189,^190,^205,^206,^210,^220,^221,^259,^261,^267,^279,^282,^309,^392,^407,^418,^433,^478,^519,^528,^545,^557,^674,^677,^683,^782,^796,⁹⁴⁵ ^78,^270,^424,^714,^759,^769,^793,¹⁰⁰⁵ NRCT (22); ^187,^188,^271,^289,^291,^292,^429,^440,^463,^518,^538,^587,^659,^662,^705,^787,^816,^974,^986,^293,^758,²⁵² Before-and-after (19); ^171,^295,^311,^319,^324,^471,^505,^533,^561,^709,^733,^750,^780,^814,^815,^850,^942,^996,¹⁰⁰² Cohort (97); ^80,^385,³⁹⁹^–^401,^436,^439,^449,^450,^452,^453,^458,^466,^469,^487,^499,^501,^508,^520,^522,^540,^548,^555,^563,^576,^581,^583,^585,^586,⁵⁹⁸^–^601,^607,^612,^619,^624,^771,^772,^776,^817,^923,^927,^928,^952,^964,^970,^1008a^624b^416,^422,^428,^633,^643,^644,^647,^655,^663,⁶⁶⁸^–^670,^672,^675,^685,^686,^688,^693,^695,^700,^703,^712,^721,^723,^779,^781,^790,^835,^950,^972,^983,^994,^997a^950b^731,^734,^936,^973a^973b^741,^745,^749,^757,^760,^763,^792,^939,¹⁰⁰³ Cross sectional (54) ^951a^951b^438,^441,^446,^451,^509,^795,^978,^980a^509b^513,^529,^534,^535,^546,^547a^547b^551,^552a^552b^560,^568,^570,^571a^571b^412,^582,^638,^640,^646,^648,^649,^660,^661,^671,^694,^701,^704,^717,^718,^722,^732,^737,^740,^743,^744,^748,^941,^975,^976,^993,^1000,¹⁰⁰⁴

Mindfulness meditation (127)

MBSR

RCT (22);^167,^195,^196,^244,^245,^263,^421,^423,^485,^493,^512,^556,^575,^579,^589,^687,^710,^711,^754,^756,^930,⁹³⁴^; NRCT (11) ^272,^419,^420,^482,^593,^602,^681,^689,^691,^752,⁷⁷³ Before-and-after (16) ^402,^457,^488,^517,^606,^609,^620,^622,^635,^682,^684,^692,^697,^724,^770,⁹⁴⁷

MM (NS)

RCT (16);^241,^242,^258,^386,^395,^403,^444,^447,^448,^474,^490,^738,^751,^775,^932,¹⁰¹¹ NRCT (8);^106,^249,^430,^523,^532,^696,^728,⁷⁶² Before-and-after (6);^442,^464,^604,^716,^727,⁹²² Cohort (4);^479,^486,^605,⁶¹⁴ Cross sectional (3)^497,^511,⁶⁴¹

Zen Buddhist meditation

RCT (7); ^70,^225,^237,^554,^765,^774,⁹²⁰ NRCT (5);^197,^227,^500,^629,⁶³⁹ Cohort (6);^105,^456,^550,^886,^917,⁹⁹⁵ Cross sectional (7);^443,^495,^636,^729,^742,^918,⁹²⁴ Before-and-after (3) ^426,^913,⁹¹⁶

MBCT

RCT (5);^427,^455,^929,^940,⁹⁸⁴ NRCT (1);⁵⁵³ Before-and-after (1)⁷⁸⁴

Vipassana

Before-and-after (2) ^847,⁸⁴⁸^; Cohort (2) ^708,⁹²¹^; Cross sectional (2) ^664,⁹⁹⁰

Meditation practices (ND)

RCT (11);^387,^484,^494b^215,^431,^514,^539,^651,^783,^910,⁹⁸⁷ NRCT (6);^198,^199,^274,^656,^730,⁹¹⁵ Before-and-after (2);^580,⁸⁰⁸ Cohort (1);⁶³⁰ Cross sectional (1)⁴⁸¹

Miscellaneous meditation practices

RCT (3);^507,^726,⁷⁹¹ Before-and-after (3);^621,^623,⁸⁰¹ Cohort (2);^935,⁹⁶⁷ Cross sectional (3)^454,^628,⁹³³

Qi Gong

RCT (13);^207,^211,^213,^214,^243,^262,^405,^767,^900,^919,^953,^954,⁹⁷⁷ Before-and-after (9);^299,^316,^502,^634,^875,^889,^891,^914,⁹⁴⁴ Cohort (7); ^161,²⁰⁰^–^202,^873,^907,⁹¹² Cross sectional (8);^632,^778,^884,^887,^888,^890,^892,⁸⁹³

Tai Chi

RCT (29);^235,^285,^286,^307,^391,^398,^408,^409,^413,^437,^467,^541,^573,^603,^631,^665,^871,^885,^894,^895,^1006,^223,^999,^746,^397,^882,^768,^246,²⁸⁷ NRCT(17);^248,^290,^326,^435,^489,^566,^595,^596,^617,^645,^698,^713,^789,^878,^904,^955,¹⁰⁰¹ Before-and-after (20);^152,^296,^317,^425,^564,^588,^590,^608,^657,^690,^715,^725,^747,^766,^872,^883,^897,^906,^931,⁹⁶² Cohort (4);^699,^874,^877,⁹⁰⁹ Cross sectional (18) ^388,^432,^470,^565,^735,^876,⁸⁷⁹^–^881,^896,^898,^899,⁹⁰¹^–^903,^905,^908,⁹¹¹

Yoga

192

RCT (69);^111,^118,^120,^127,^134,^138,^140,¹⁶⁸^–^170,^174,^176,^177,^182,^184,^185,^204,^212,^216,^217,^219,^224,^233,²³⁸^–^240,^266,^269,^278,^280,^281,^305,^308,^325,^389,^404,^417,^445,⁵⁴²^–^544,^549,^562,^584,^615,^618,^666,^764,^811,^819,^823,^825,^829,^832,⁸³⁶^–^839,^841,^844,^852,^858,^868,^926,^943,^946,^971,^991,⁹⁹⁸ NRCT (36);^122,^126,^137,^175,¹⁷⁸^–^181,^183,^226,^247,^250,^251,^273,^415,^461,^462,^642,^679,^794,^799,^804,^806,^809,^818,^824,^826,^834,^846,^854,^860,^864,^866,^925,^981,¹⁰⁰⁷ Before-and-after (54);^83,^133,^172,^294,^297,^298,³⁰⁰^–^303,^310,³¹²^–^315,^318,³²⁰^–^323,^406,^411,^468,^491,^510,^516,^559,^578,^611,^613,^707,^739,^797,^800,^802,^810,^812,^813,^821,^822,^827,^830,^831,^840,^843,^845,^851,^862,^863,^867,^870,^979,^982,⁹⁹² Cohort (18);^141,^142,^527,^574,^755,^788,^803,^807,^820,^833,^855,^857,^861,^948,^949,^985,^989,¹⁰⁰⁹ Cross-sectional (15) ^146,^390,^465,^473,^496,^506,^667,^785,^798,^842,^849,^865,^869,^968,¹⁰¹⁰

From: Appendix G. Summary Tables for Topic II

Cover of Meditation Practices for Health

Meditation Practices for Health: State of the Research.

Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 155.

Ospina MB, Bond K, Karkhaneh M, et al.

Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2007 Jun.

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Table G6Studies on meditation practices examined in clinical trials and observational studies