Table 7. [Comparison of Markers of Glycemic Control]. - Endotext

	Biomarker mechanism	Interval of time reflecting glucose control	Cautions/Interferences
A1C	Hemoglobin glycation	3 months	Hemoglobinopathy (↑/↓*) Decrease in RBC survival (hemolysis, splenomegaly, pregnancy, drugs) (↓) Increase in RBC survival (Erythropoietin, iron replacement) (↑) Transfusion (↓)
Fructosamine	Protein glycation	2 weeks	Conditions resulting in hypoproteinemia (severe cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, enteropathy) (↓) High dose Vitamin C, severe hyperbilirubinemia/uremia/ hypertriglyceridemia (↑)
1,5-AG	Renal clearance	1 week	Chronic kidney disease (stage 4, 5) (↓) Glucosuria (pregnancy, renal tubular disorders SGLT2 inhibitors) (↓) Advanced cirrhosis (↓) High soy diet (↑)

Biomarker mechanism

Interval of time reflecting glucose
control

Cautions/Interferences

A1C

Hemoglobin glycation

3 months

Hemoglobinopathy (↑/↓*)
Decrease in RBC survival (hemolysis, splenomegaly, pregnancy, drugs) (↓)
Increase in RBC survival (Erythropoietin, iron replacement) (↑)
Transfusion (↓)

Fructosamine

Protein glycation

2 weeks

Conditions resulting in hypoproteinemia (severe cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, enteropathy) (↓)
High dose Vitamin C, severe hyperbilirubinemia/uremia/ hypertriglyceridemia (↑)

1,5-AG

Renal clearance

1 week

Chronic kidney disease (stage 4, 5) (↓)
Glucosuria (pregnancy, renal tubular disorders SGLT2 inhibitors) (↓)
Advanced cirrhosis (↓)
High soy diet (↑)

From: Monitoring Technologies- Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Mobile Technology, Biomarkers of Glycemic Control

Endotext [Internet].

Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors.

South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-.

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