TABLE 1-2Functional Classification of Potential Target Areas of New Ingredients

ClassExamplesExamples of Possible Adverse Consequences
Anti-allergicPrebiotics, probiotics, cytokinesGastrointestinal side effects
Anti-infectiveAntiviral/bacterial agents, probiotics, prebiotics, lactoferrinAdverse immunological changes, allergic effects
Flavor/color/texture/ stabilizing agentsOrganoleptics, flavors, aeromaticsToxicity, carcinogenicity
ImmunologicLong-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, enzymes, cytokines, nucleotidesImmunological, inflammatory effects
MetabolicEnzymes, hormonesAllergic immunological changes, allergic effects
Neurodevelopmental and behavioralLong-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, growth factors, choline, oligosaccharides, precursors of neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters, amino acidsDecreased growth, decreased cognitive ability
TrophicGrowth factors, hormonesAbnormal increase or decrease in growth, endocrine effects

From: 1, Introduction and Background

Cover of Infant Formula
Infant Formula: Evaluating the Safety of New Ingredients.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Evaluation of the Addition of Ingredients New to Infant Formula.
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004.
Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.