TABLE 3-4, Selected Primary Sleep Parasomnias - Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation

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TABLE 3-4Selected Primary Sleep Parasomnias

Name		Description
Disorders of arousal associated with NREM sleep
	Confusional arousals	Individuals display mental confusion or confusional behavior during or following arousal, typically from SWS
	Sleepwalking	Involves a series of behaviors initiated during arousals from SWS that culminate in walking around in an altered state of consciousness
	Sleep terrors	Typically initiated by a loud scream associated with panic, followed by intense motor activity, which can result in injury
Disorders associated with REM sleep
	Nightmare disorder	Recurrent nightmares that are coherent dream sequences manifest as disturbing mental experiences that generally occur during REM sleep
	REM sleep behavior disorder	A complex set of behaviors, including mild to harmful body movements associated with dreams and nightmares and loss of muscle atonia
	Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis	Inability to speak or move, as in a temporary paralysis, at sleep onset or upon waking
Other parasomnias
	Enuresis	Involuntary release of urine
	Nocturnal groaning (catathrenia)	Characterized by disruptive groaning that occurs during expiration, particularly during the second half of night
	Sleep-related eating disorder	Marked by repeated episodes of involuntary eating and drinking during arousals from sleep
	Sleep-related dissociative disorders	A dissociative episode that can occur in the period from wakefulness to sleep or from awakening from stages 1 or 2 or from REM sleep
	Exploding head syndrome	Characterized by a sudden, loud noise or explosion in the head; this is an imagined, painless noise.
	Sleep-related hallucinations	Hallucinatory images that occur at sleep onset or on awakening

: NOTE: NREM, non-rapid eye movement; REM, rapid eye movement; SWS, slow-wave sleep.
: SOURCES: Halasz et al. (1985), Terzano et al. (1988), Zucconi et al. (1995), Zadra et al. (1998), and AASM (2005).

From: 3, Extent and Health Consequences of Chronic Sleep Loss and Sleep Disorders

Cover of Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation

Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem.

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research; Colten HR, Altevogt BM, editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2006.

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