TABLE 5-1, Metabolic Studies Providing Evidence Used to Derive the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for Riboflavin for Adults - Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

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TABLE 5-1Metabolic Studies Providing Evidence Used to Derive the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for Riboflavin for Adults

Reference	Duration of Study	Baseline Riboflavin Intake	Number of Subjects	Riboflavin Intake During Repletion or Maintenance (mg/d)	EGRAC^a	Urinary Excretion of Riboflavin	Erythrocyte Riboflavin	Other
Women
Sebrell et al., 1941	19–36 wk depletion	0.5 mg/d	10 (institutionalized)	0.5	NA^c	Abnormal^d	NA	60% abnormal^e
	7–24 wk repletion^b			1.56–2.05		Normal		Normal
	7–24 wk repletion^b			2.54–3.68		Normal		Normal
Williams et al., 1943	246 d	≥ 2 mg/d	2	0.6	NA	Abnormal^d	NA	Normal^f
	288 d		4	0.76		75% abnormal		Normal
	288 d		1	1.0		Abnormal		Normal
	288 d		3	1.05		33% abnormal		Normal
	288 d		1	1.2		Normal		Normal
	264 d		2	1.76–3.76		Normal		Normal
Brewer et al., 1946	12 d at each intake level	NA	14	0.79	NA	Abnormal^d	NA	NA
				1.04		Normal
				1.26		Normal
				1.62		Normal
				2.23		Normal
				2.73		Normal
Davis et al., 1946	8 mo	NA	12	0.29 mg/1,000 kcal^g	NA	45% abnormal^d	NA	NA
				0.49 mg/1,000 kcal		17% abnormal
				0.66 mg/1,000 kcal		Normal
				4.10 mg/1,000 kcal		Normal
Roe et al., 1982	10 wk (includes 2-wk acclimation)	1.69 ± 0.5 mg/d (based on 7-d diet records and diet history)	10	0.6 mg/1,000 kcal^g	50% abnormal^h	NA	NA	NA
				0.8 mg/1,000 kcal	20% abnormal
				1.0 mg/1,000 kcal	10% abnormal
Belko et al., 1983	12 wk	1.45 ± 0.4 mg/d (based on 7-d diet records)	12	0.6 mg/1,000 kcal^g	92% abnormal^j	NA	NA	NA
			2	0.8 mg/1,000 kcal	100% normal
			3	0.8 mg/1,000 kcalⁱ	100% normal
			10	1.0 mg/1,000 kcal	60% abnormal
			11	1.0 mg/1,000 kcalⁱ	73% abnormal
			2	1.2 mg/1,000 kcalⁱ	100% normal
			8	1.4 mg/1,000 kcalⁱ	100% normal
Kuizon et al., 1992	40 d	Measured but not reported	7 (non-pregnant Filipino population)	0.25 mg/1,000 kcal^g	43% abnormal^k	NA	NA	NA
				0.4 mg/1,000 kcal	43% abnormal
				0.5 mg/1,000 kcal	100% normal
				0.6 mg/1,000 kcal	100% normal
Women and Men
Boisvert et al., 1993	16 wk	NA	14 (healthy, elderly population)	0.65	Abnormal^l	Abnormal^m	NA	Normalⁿ
				0.7	Abnormal	Abnormal		Normal
				0.9	Abnormal	Abnormal		Normal
				1.1	Abnormal	Normal		Normal
				1.3	Normal	Normal		Normal
				1.5	Normal	Normal		Normal
Men
Keys et al., 1944	5 mo		6	0.99	NA	Normal^d	NA	Normal^o
Horwitt et al., 1949	9–10 mo	1.6 mg/d	39 (mental patients)	0.55	NA	Abnormal^d	NA	Abnormal^p
Horwitt et al., 1949	3 mo	1.6 mg/d	39 (mental patients)	1.1		Normal		Normal
Horwitt et al., 1950	15 wk	1.1 mg/d (3 mo prelim. period)	15	0.55	NA	Abnormal^d	NA	Abnormal^q
	12 wk		11	0.75		Abnormal		Normal
	15 wk		12	0.85		Abnormal		Normal
	13 wk		28	1.1		Abnormal		Normal
	100 wk		39	1.6		Normal		Normal
	10–78 wk		12	2.15		Normal		Normal
	2–44 wk		13	2.55		Normal		Normal
	1.5 wk		13	3.55		Normal		Normal
Bessey et al., 1956	247 d	NA	8	0.5	NA	NA	Abnormal^r	50% abnormal^t
	16 mo		10	0.55			Abnormal	30% abnormal
	247 d		10	1.6			63% abnormal	Normal
	248 d		23	2.4			Normal^s	Normal
	16 mo		6	2.55–3.55			Normal	Normal

: NOTE: Maintenance of body weight was not indicated in Davis et al. (1946), Kuizon et al. (1992), Horwitt et al. (1950), Bessey et al. (1956); body weight was maintained in the other studies. Riboflavin intake was measured analytically except as noted. Intakes given in bold supported normal results for all indicators.
a: EGRAC = Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient.
b: During repletion, various amounts of supplements (1–15 mg/d orally) were given in addition to the basal diet. Two sample intakes for this period are given here.
c: NA = not applicable.
d: Abnormal urinary excretion = < 266 nmol (100 μg)/d of riboflavin (based on Sauberlich et al., 1974).
e: Abnormal = symptoms of cheilosis.
f: Normal = no signs or symptoms of deficiency (i.e., no ulcers around the mouth, no changes in the eyes, normal pyruvic and lactic acid levels, no anemia).
g: Intake measured as mg/1000 kcal; energy intake not provided.
h: Abnormal EGRAC = > 1.2.
i: During exercise period.
j: Abnormal EGRAC = > 1.25.
k: Abnormal EGRAC = ≥ 1.3.
l: Abnormal EGRAC = > 1.4.
m: Abnormal urinary excretion = values before which there is a sharp increase (breakpoint for increase in slope of urinary excretion).
n: Normal = no classical signs of riboflavin deficiency.
o: Normal = no signs of ariboflavinosis (assessment based on eye exams, work performance, and psychomotor tests).
p: Abnormal = nonspecific symptoms (cheilosis, angular stomatitis, scrotal skin changes).
q: Abnormal = severe skin lesions.
r: Abnormal total erythrocyte riboflavin = < 400 nmol/L (15 μg/100 mL); authors' conclusion.
s: Normal total erythrocyte riboflavin = ≥ 530 nmol/L (20 μg/100 mL); authors' conclusion.
t: Abnormal = severe symptoms of ariboflavinosis.

From: 5, Riboflavin

Cover of Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline.

Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1998.

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