Table 9.1The Major Classes of Somatic Sensory Receptors

Receptor typeAnatomical characteristicsAssociated axonsa (and diameters)Axonal conduction velocitiesLocationFunctionRate of adaptationThreshold of activation
Free nerve endingsMinimally specialized nerve endingsC, Aδ2–20 m/sAll skinPain, temperature, crude touchSlowHigh
Meissner's corpusclesEncapsulated; between dermal papillaeAβ 6–12 μmPrincipally glabrous skinTouch, pressure (dynamic)RapidLow
Pacinian corpusclesEncapsulated; onionlike coveringAβ 6–12 μmSubcutaneous tissue, interosseous membranes, visceraDeep pressure, vibration (dynamic)RapidLow
Merkel's disksEncapsulated; associated with peptide- releasing cellsAll skin, hair folliclesTouch, pressure (static)SlowLow
Ruffini's corpusclesEncapsulated; oriented along stretch linesAβ 6–12 μmAll skinStretching of skinSlowLow
Muscle spindlesHighly specialized (see Figure 9.5 and Chapter 15)Ia and IIMusclesMuscle lengthBoth slow and rapidLow
Golgi tendon organsHighly specialized (see Chapter 15)IbTendonsMuscle tensionSlowLow
Joint receptorsMinimally specializedJointsJoint positionRapidLow
a

In the 1920s and 1930s, there was a virtual cottage industry classifying axons according to their conduction velocity. Three main categories were discerned, called A, B, and C. A comprises the largest and fastest axons, C the smallest and slowest. Mechanoreceptor axons generally fall into category A. The A group is further broken down into subgroups designated α (the fastest), β, and δ (the slowest). To make matters even more confusing, muscle afferent axons are usually classified into four additional groups—I (the fastest), II, III, and IV (the slowest)—with subgroups designated by lowercase roman letters!

Image ch9f5

From: Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Somatic Sensory Receptors

Cover of Neuroscience
Neuroscience. 2nd edition.
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors.
Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001.
Copyright © 2001, Sinauer Associates, Inc.

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