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StatPearls [Internet].

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Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet].

York (UK): Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (UK); 1995-.

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Endotext [Internet].

Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors.

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Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013.

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Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition.

Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al., editors.

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PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].

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Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System [Internet].

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Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma [Internet].

Chou R, Cuevas C, Fu R, et al.

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WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology [Internet].

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Cataracts in adults: management.

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Preclinical MRI of the Kidney: Methods and Protocols [Internet].

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LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].

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Visual Impairments:: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits.

National Research Council (US) Committee on Disability Determination for Individuals with Visual Impairments; Lennie P, Van Hemel SB, editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2002.

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The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of second-eye cataract surgery: a systematic review and economic evaluation.

Frampton G, Harris P, Cooper K, et al.

Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2014 Nov. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 18.68.)

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High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology: New Frontiers in Biomedical Optics [Internet].

Bille JF, editor.

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Treatments for dry age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease: a systematic review.

Waugh N, Loveman E, Colquitt J, et al.

Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2018 May. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 22.27.)

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Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2024-2027: Diagnostic Imaging [Internet].

Hodler J, Kubik-Huch RA, Roos JE, editors.

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FIGURE 5

Contrast sensitivity function (top) and visuogram (bottom). The upper plot shows two contrast sensitivity functions: the average contrast sensitivity functions of normal subjects with acuity of 1.0 (smooth curve), and a contrast sensitivity of a patient with visual defects (open circles). Contrast sensitivity (ordinate of upper plot) is specified on a logarithmic scale in decibels. The lower plot is a visuogram. It shows the contrast sensitivity deficit (downward arrow) at each of the tested spatial frequencies for the patient whose contrast sensitivity is given above. A loss of 6 db signifies a twofold reduction of contrast sensitivity; a loss of 20 db signifies a tenfold reduction. The spatial frequency scale (abscissa) of the visuogram is the same as that of the contrast sensitivity function above it.
SOURCE: Wolkstein et al., 1980. Reprinted with permission from I. Bodis-Wollner. Copyright 1980 by J. B. Lippincott Company.

CONTRAST SENSITIVITY FUNCTION.

National Research Council (US) Committee on Vision. Emergent Techniques for Assessment of Visual Performance. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1985.
Digital image depicting Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart Contributed by Dr Kirandeep Kaur, MBBS, DNB, FPOS, FICO, MRCS Ed, MNAMS

Contrast Sensitivity.

StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.
FIGURE 4

The normal contrast sensitivity function, shown with heavy lines, based on data from 10 observers. The two other curves represent patients having the same visual acuity, but vastly different contrast sensitivity functions.
SOURCE: Bodis-Wollner and Diamond, 1976. Reprinted with permission from I. Bodis-Wollner. Copyright 1976 by Oxford University Press.

CONTRAST SENSITIVITY FUNCTION.

National Research Council (US) Committee on Vision. Emergent Techniques for Assessment of Visual Performance. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1985.
FIGURE 16

Contrast sensitivity function for vertical and oblique orientations. Note the lower sensitivity at oblique orientation.
SOURCE: Campbell et al., 1966. Reprinted with permission from F. W. Campbell. Copyright 1966 by The Physiological Society.

APPENDIX A: BASIC FACTORS IN SPATIAL CONTRAST SENSITIVITY.

National Research Council (US) Committee on Vision. Emergent Techniques for Assessment of Visual Performance. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1985.