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Endotext (Endotext.org) is an online resource on endocrine disease written by physicians and directed toward physicians around the world caring for patients with endocrine disorders. It is organized by Kenneth R. Feingold, MD, twenty-one section editors, and over 500 authors. It is comprehensive, authoritative, constantly updated, and unbiased. Endotext, covering the broad area of Clinical Endocrinology, emphasizes clinical endocrine practice and includes the most current information on the manifestations of endocrine disease, diagnosis, and treatment.
Contents
- Adrenal Disease and Function
- ACTH Action on the AdrenalsAnna Angelousi, Andrew N. Margioris, and Christos Tsatsanis.Last Update: June 13, 2020.
- AIDS and HPA AxisNicolas C. Nicolaides, Tomoshige Kino, and George Chrousos.Last Update: November 24, 2020.
- Adrenal AndrogensAthanasios Antoniou-Tsigkos, Evangelia Zapanti, Lucia Ghizzoni, and George Mastorakos.Last Update: January 5, 2019.
- Adrenal Cortex: Embryonic Development, Anatomy, Histology and PhysiologyNicolas C. Nicolaides, Holger S. Willenberg, Stefan R. Bornstein, and George P. Chrousos.Last Update: June 12, 2023.
- Adrenal IncidentalomaEleftherios Chatzellis and Gregory Kaltsas.Last Update: May 28, 2024.
- Adrenal Insufficiency Due to X-Linked AdrenoleukodystrophySophia Vlachou, George Kanakis, and Gregory Kaltsas.Last Update: June 23, 2024.
- Aldosterone Deficiency and ResistanceKeiko Arai, Nektaria Papadopoulou-Marketou, and George P. Chrousos.Last Update: November 24, 2020.
- An Overview of Glucocorticoid-Induced OsteoporosisIoannis Ilias, Charalampos Milionis, and Emmanouil Zoumakis.Last Update: March 19, 2022.
- Autoimmune Polyglandular SyndromesMark A. Sperling, Anna Angelousi, and Mabel Yau.Last Update: July 21, 2024.
- Carney ComplexGregory Kaltsas, George Kanakis, and George Chrousos.Last Update: July 13, 2023.
- Chronic Fatigue SyndromeWT Lim and DJ Torpy.Last Update: August 30, 2023.
- Congenital Adrenal HyperplasiaPhyllis W. Speiser and Perrin C. White.Last Update: January 21, 2026.
- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone And The Immune/Inflammatory ResponseMarkella Nezi, George Mastorakos, and Zadalla Mouslech.Last Update: July 30, 2015.
- Current Issues in the Diagnosis and Management of Adrenocortical CarcinomasAnna Angelousi, Eva Kassi, and Gregory A. Kaltsas.Last Update: August 30, 2021.
- Cushing’s SyndromeAgata Juszczak, Damian Morris, and Ashley Grossman.Last Update: September 5, 2024.
- Familial or Sporadic Adrenal Hypoplasia SyndromesEleni Magdalini Kyritsi, Amalia Sertedaki, Evangelia Charmandari, and George P Chrousos.Last Update: October 22, 2018.
- FibromyalgiaGregory Kaltsas and Konstantinos Tsiveriotis.Last Update: November 9, 2023.
- Glucocorticoid ReceptorNicolas C. Nicolaides, George Chrousos, and Tomoshige Kino.Last Update: November 21, 2020.
- Glucocorticoid Therapy and Adrenal SuppressionNicolas C Nicolaides, Aikaterini N Pavlaki, Maria Alexandra Maria Alexandra, and George P Chrousos.Last Update: October 19, 2018.
- HPA Axis and SleepNicolas C. Nicolaides, Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Ilia Kritikou, and George Chrousos.Last Update: November 24, 2020.
- Hormones of the Cardiovascular SystemMichael E Hall, Licy Yanes, Robert C Long, and Christian A Koch.Last Update: February 6, 2015.
- HyperaldosteronismNektaria Papadopoulou-Marketou, Anand Vaidya, Gregory Kaltsas, and George P. Chrousos.Last Update: February 16, 2026.
- Immune System Effects on the Endocrine SystemMaria P. Yavropoulou, Petros P. Sfikakis, and George P. Chrousos.Last Update: November 8, 2023.
- Normal Physiology of ACTH and GH Release in the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary in ManChung Thong Lim and Bernard Khoo.Last Update: January 28, 2025.
- Overview of Endocrine HypertensionNektaria Papadopoulou-Marketou, Christian A. Koch, Efthymios Poulios, and George P. Chrousos.Last Update: March 31, 2026.
- Pheochromocytoma and ParagangliomaKarel Pacak, Sri Harsha Tella, and Aksharaa G. Iyer.Last Update: July 21, 2025.
- Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance SyndromeTomoshige Kino, Nicolas C. Nicolaides, Evangelia Charmandari, and George P. Chrousos.Last Update: May 19, 2024.
- Stress: Endocrine Physiology and PathophysiologyConstantine Tsigos, Ioannis Kyrou, Eva Kassi, and George P. Chrousos.Last Update: October 17, 2020.
- Von Hippel-Lindau DiseaseSven Gläsker, Hartmut P.H. Neumann, Christian A. Koch, and Alexander Vortmeyer.Last Update: September 12, 2018.
- ACTH Action on the Adrenals
- Endocrinology of Aging
- Physiology and Diseases of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis in the ElderlyKevin C.J. Yuen, Eunisse W.R. Chua, Alissya S.M. Yuen, Mercedes Martinez-Gill, and Joseph G. Verbalis.Last Update: December 25, 2025.
- Adrenal Androgens and AgingNektaria Papadopoulou-Marketou, Eva Kassi, and George P. Chrousos.Last Update: January 18, 2023.
- Adrenal IncidentalomaEleftherios Chatzellis and Gregory Kaltsas.Last Update: May 28, 2024.
- Age-Related Changes in the Male Reproductive SystemShalender Bhasin, Rodrigo J. Valderrábano, and Thiago Gagliano-Jucá.Last Update: February 10, 2022.
- Benign Prostate DisordersNathan Lawrentschuk, Gideon Ptasznik, and Sean Ong.Last Update: October 7, 2021.
- Clinical Problems Caused by ObesityIoannis Kyrou, Harpal S Randeva, Constantine Tsigos, Grigorios Kaltsas, and Martin O Weickert.Last Update: January 11, 2018.
- Evaluation and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in the ElderlyElani Streja and Kenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: April 1, 2024.
- Parathyroid Function in the Elderly and Its DisordersAnabel Rodríguez-Romo, Dalia Cuenca, Ramón G. de los Santos Aguilar, and Alfredo A. Reza-Albarrán.Last Update: February 13, 2026.
- Growth Hormone and AgingJason R. Fredrick, Marc R. Blackman, Emiliano Corpas, George R. Merriam, Atil Y. Kargi, and Jose M. Garcia.Last Update: March 10, 2026.
- Physiology and Diseases of the Adrenal Glands in Older AdultsAlejandro Ayala, Natalia Fretes Oviedo, and Kendra Frey.Last Update: January 1, 2026.
- Hyperthyroidism in AgingMary H. Samuels.Last Update: November 24, 2025.
- Hypothyroidism in Older AdultsMatthew I. Kim and Brandon E. Bertot.Last Update: December 10, 2025.
- Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized PatientsKetan Dhatariya and Guillermo E. Umpierrez.Last Update: October 20, 2024.
- Obesity in the ElderlyAlexis M. McKee and John E, Morley.Last Update: September 19, 2021.
- Osteoporosis: Clinical EvaluationE. Michael Lewiecki.Last Update: November 2, 2024.
- Osteoporosis: Prevention and TreatmentSarah Zaheer and Meryl S LeBoff.Last Update: December 27, 2022.
- Outpatient Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Elderly PatientsAnna Milanesi, Shalini Bhat, and Jane E. Weinreb.Last Update: December 7, 2025.
- Prostate Cancer DetectionMatthew John Roberts, Patrick Teloken, Suzanne K Chambers, Scott G Williams, John Yaxley, Hema Samaratunga, Mark Frydenberg, and Robert A. (‘Frank’) Gardiner.Last Update: June 11, 2018.
- The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of OsteoporosisClifford J. Rosen.Last Update: June 21, 2020.
- Thyroid Cancer in the ElderlyÁlvaro Larrad-Jiménez, Lizbet Ruiloba, Mark A. Jara, Natalia Fretes Oviedo, Kendra Frey, Maria E. Ortega Abad, and Emiliano Corpas Covisa.Last Update: May 11, 2026.
- Thyroid Nodules and Cancer in the ElderlyMelissa G. Lechner and Jerome M. Hershman.Last Update: January 11, 2022.
- Physiology and Diseases of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis in the Elderly
- Diabetes Mellitus and Carbohydrate Metabolism - DiabetesManager
- Assessing Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance in HumansRanganath Muniyappa, Ritu Madan, and Ron T. Varghese.Last Update: October 16, 2024.
- Atypical Forms of DiabetesKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: March 10, 2025.
- Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Youth with Diabetes- Opportunities and ChallengesAmy S. Shah and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: June 20, 2024.
- Changing the Course of Disease in Type 1 DiabetesDana VanBuecken, Sandra Lord, and Carla J. Greenbaum.Last Update: June 25, 2025.
- Classification of Diabetes MellitusCarolina Solis-Herrera, Curtis Triplitt, Charles Reasner, Ralph A DeFronzo, and Eugenio Cersosimo.Last Update: February 24, 2018.
- Diabetes, Cardiomyopathy, and Heart FailureAhmet Afşin Oktay, Timir K. Paul, Christian A. Koch, and Carl J. Lavie.Last Update: September 26, 2023.
- Diabetes and DepressionRichard IG Holt.Last Update: January 11, 2025.
- Diabetes in People Living with HIVSudipa Sarkar and Todd T. Brown.Last Update: November 1, 2023.
- Outpatient Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Elderly PatientsAnna Milanesi, Shalini Bhat, and Jane E. Weinreb.Last Update: December 7, 2025.
- Diabetes Mellitus After Solid Organ TransplantationPhuong-Thu Pham, Mrinalini Sarkar, Phuong-Mai Pham, Anum Hamiduzzaman, and Phuong-Chi Pham.Last Update: July 22, 2025.
- Diabetes Mellitus and InfectionKeren Zhou and M. Cecilia Lansang.Last Update: June 30, 2024.
- Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with CancerNalinie Joharatnam-Hogan, Thomas J. Carter, Neil Reynolds, Deborah Dauyoumor, Jan Hoong Ho, Safwaan Adam, and Ruth Board.Last Update: September 13, 2025.
- Diabetic Kidney DiseaseM. Luiza Caramori and Peter Rossing.Last Update: August 3, 2022.
- Diabetic NeuropathiesAparna Anandhanarayanan, Kevin Teh, Mohummad Goonoo, Solomon Tesfaye, and Dinesh Selvarajah.Last Update: March 15, 2022.
- Diabetic RetinopathyJay M. Stewart, Marco Coassin, and Daniel M. Schwartz.Last Update: May 14, 2025.
- Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Monogenic DiabetesAnne Gandolfi, Louis H. Philipson, and Rochelle N. Naylor.Last Update: August 12, 2026.
- Diagnostic Tests for Diabetes MellitusMelanie Nelson and Kathleen M. Dungan.Last Update: February 7, 2025.
- Dietary Advice For Individuals with DiabetesAndrew Reynolds and Joanna Mitri.Last Update: April 28, 2024.
- Etiology and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and AdolescentsMabel Yau, Noel K. Maclaren, and Mark A. Sperling.Last Update: June 19, 2021.
- Gastrointestinal Disorders in DiabetesChinmay S. Marathe, Christopher K. Rayner, Tongzhi Wu, Karen L. Jones, and Michael Horowitz.Last Update: February 22, 2024.
- Gestational DiabetesXiao-Yu Wang, Erin M. Cleary, Stephen F. Thung, Kartik K Venkatesh, and Elizabeth O. Buschur.Last Update: August 28, 2024.
- Glucagon PhysiologyIben Rix, Christina Nexøe-Larsen, Natasha C Bergmann, Asger Lund, and Filip K Knop.Last Update: July 16, 2019.
- Hyperglycemic CrisesKetan Dhatariya, Omar Mustafa, and Dimitra Stathi.Last Update: June 10, 2025.
- Hypertension in DiabetesSowjanya Naha, Michael J. Gardner, Darshan Khangura, L. Romayne Kurukulasuriya, and James R. Sowers.Last Update: August 7, 2021.
- Hypoglycemia During Therapy of DiabetesHugh A. Davis, Elias K. Spanakis, Philip E. Cryer, Maka Siamashvili, and Stephen N. Davis.Last Update: July 7, 2024.
- Hypoglycemia in Neonates, Infants, and ChildrenElizabeth Rosenfeld and Paul S. Thornton.Last Update: August 22, 2023.
- Insulin Biosynthesis, Secretion, Structure, and Structure-Activity RelationshipsMichael Weiss, Donald F Steiner, and Louis H Philipson.Last Update: February 1, 2014.
- Insulin- Pharmacology, Therapeutic Regimens and Principles of Intensive Insulin TherapyThomas Donnor and Sudipa Sarkar.Last Update: February 15, 2023.
- InsulinomaWouter W. de Herder and Johannes Hofland.Last Update: April 4, 2023.
- Islet TransplantationLorenzo Piemonti.Last Update: September 15, 2025.
- Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized PatientsKetan Dhatariya and Guillermo E. Umpierrez.Last Update: October 20, 2024.
- Management of Type 2 Diabetes: Selecting Amongst Available Pharmacological AgentsEmily B. Schroeder.Last Update: April 12, 2026.
- Metabolic SyndromeDavid W. Lam and Derek LeRoith.Last Update: February 11, 2019.
- Monitoring Technologies- Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Mobile Technology, Biomarkers of Glycemic ControlMelanie Natasha Rayan, Nihaal Reddy, Neha Verma, and Kathleen Dungan.Last Update: April 12, 2026.
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Overlooked Complication of Type 2 DiabetesDivya Akshintala, Radhika Chugh, Farah Amer, and Kenneth Cusi.Last Update: July 9, 2019.
- Non-Diabetic HypoglycemiaMaria S. Rayas and Marzieh Salehi.Last Update: January 27, 2024.
- Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention Options For Type 2 Diabetes: Complementary & Integrative Health Approaches (Including Natural Products And Mind/Body Practices)Skye A. McKennon.Last Update: July 6, 2024.
- Oral and Injectable (Non-Insulin) Pharmacological Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 DiabetesKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: December 29, 2025.
- Pathogenesis of Type 1A DiabetesAaron Michels and Peter Gottlieb.Last Update: March 4, 2015.
- Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes MellitusCarolina Solis-Herrera, Curtis Triplitt, Eugenio Cersosimo, and Ralph A. DeFronzo.Last Update: December 22, 2025.
- Platelets, Coagulation, and Antithrombotic Therapy in DiabetesWilliam A.E. Parker, Robert F. Storey, and Ramzi A. Ajjan.Last Update: March 1, 2022.
- PrediabetesLeigh Perreault.Last Update: March 3, 2022.
- Pregestational Diabetes MellitusChristine P. Field, Erin M. Cleary, Stephen F. Thung, Kartik Venkatesh, and Elizabeth O. Buschur.Last Update: March 3, 2025.
- Role of Glucose and Lipids in the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with DiabetesKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: July 10, 2026.
- Sexual Dysfunction in DiabetesLeona Hariharan, Tom F. Lue, and Alan W. Shindel.Last Update: May 13, 2026.
- Sexual Dysfunction in Female Patients with DiabetesShiv Charan Navriya, Manali Jain, Om Yadav, and Ravi Chandra Chowdary.Last Update: March 7, 2025.
- Skin Manifestations of Diabetes MellitusElise Edwards and Gil Yosipovitch.Last Update: March 21, 2025.
- Surgical Prevention and Treatment of DiabetesAlexis Sudlow, Dimitri Pournaras, and Paul O'Brien.Last Update: February 2, 2025.
- The Diabetic FootAndrew J.M. Boulton and Richard W. Whitehouse.Last Update: July 28, 2023.
- The Insulin Receptor and Its Signal Transduction NetworkPierre De Meyts.Last Update: April 27, 2016.
- The Management of Type 1 DiabetesSavitha Subramanian and David Baidal.Last Update: March 18, 2026.
- The Role of Exercise in DiabetesSalwa J. Zahalka, Layla A. Abushamat, Rebecca L. Scalzo, and Jane E. B. Reusch.Last Update: July 6, 2025.
- Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and AdolescentsMabel Yau and Mark A. Sperling.Last Update: June 28, 2021.
- Update on Pancreatic Transplantation in the Management of DiabetesCarlo Lombardo, Vittorio G. Perrone, Gabriella Amorese, Fabio Vistoli, Milena Scopelliti, Maria Rosaria Iacobelli, Piero Marchetti, and Ugo Boggi.Last Update: March 24, 2026.
- Assessing Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance in Humans
- Endocrine Emergencies
- Adrenal InsufficiencyKrystallenia I. Alexandraki, Kanokporn Sanpawithayakul, and Ashley Grossman.Last Update: February 6, 2026.
- Adrenal SuppressionKrystallenia I Alexandraki, Gregory A Kaltsas, and George P Chrousos.Last Update: October 1, 2018.
- Adrenocortical CarcinomaAnna Angelousi, Eva Kassi, and Gregory A. Kaltsas.Last Update: February 9, 2025.
- Amiodarone Induced ThyrotoxicosisPaolo E. Macchia and Kenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: June 1, 2022.
- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Diagnosis and Emergency TreatmentMabel Yau, Jasmine Gujral, and Maria I New.Last Update: April 16, 2019.
- Congenital HypothyroidismMaria Segni.Last Update: August 11, 2019.
- Diabetic KetoacidosisKenneth R. Feingold and Ketan Dhatariya.Last Update: January 31, 2026.
- Diabetes Insipidus (AVP-Deficiency and AVP Resistance)Stephen Ball and Miles Levy.Last Update: January 12, 2026.
- Diagnosis and Management of Adrenal InsufficiencyKrystallenia I Alexandraki and Ashley Grossman.Last Update: August 20, 2018.
- Disorders of Sexual Development in NewbornsMabel Yau, Jasmine Gujral, Ahmed Khattab, and Maria New.Last Update: April 25, 2019.
- Emergencies in Childhood DiabetesSaleh Adi.Last Update: March 27, 2019.
- Emergencies Related To Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma SyndromeHussam Alkaissi, Vitaly Kantorovich, and Karel Pacak.Last Update: July 15, 2026.
- Endocrine HypertensionEugen Melcescu and Christian A Koch.Last Update: October 11, 2019.
- Florid Cushing’s SyndromeKrystallenia I Alexandraki and Ashley Grossman.Last Update: April 19, 2018.
- HypercalcemiaDavid Goltzman.Last Update: May 22, 2026.
- Hyperthyroidism in PregnancyOnyebuchi E Okosieme and John H Lazarus.Last Update: February 9, 2019.
- HypocalcemiaMadhu N Rao and Dolores M Shoback.Last Update: June 2, 2018.
- HypoglycemiaKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: November 20, 2025.
- HyponatremiaStephen Ball.Last Update: June 6, 2018.
- Hypopituitarism: EmergenciesZeina C Hannoush and Roy E Weiss.Last Update: April 23, 2018.
- Hypothyroidism in PregnancyOnyebuchi E Okosieme and John H Lazarus.Last Update: February 11, 2019.
- Initial Management of Severe Hyperglycemia in Type 2 DiabetesJovana Vidovic and Irl B. Hirsch.Last Update: January 12, 2026.
- Inpatient Diabetes ManagementRobert J Rushakoff.Last Update: January 7, 2019.
- Kidney Stone EmergenciesMurray Favus and Kenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: December 11, 2025.
- Myxedema and Coma (Severe Hypothyroidism)Wilmar M Wiersinga.Last Update: April 25, 2018.
- New Osteoporotic/Vertebral Compression FracturesSharon Chou, Anjali Grover, and Meryl S. LeBoff.Last Update: July 1, 2026.
- Pancreatitis Secondary to HypertriglyceridemiaKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: September 24, 2025.
- Pituitary ApoplexyZeina C Hannoush and Roy E Weiss.Last Update: April 22, 2018.
- Postpartum ThyroiditisHidefumi Inaba and Takashi Akamizu.Last Update: May 8, 2018.
- Prolactinoma ManagementJuliana B. Drummond, Mark E. Molitch, and Marta Korbonits.Last Update: April 9, 2025.
- Severe Hypothyroidism in the ElderlyMatthew Kim.Last Update: June 12, 2018.
- Severe Thyrotoxicosis in the ElderlyMatthew Kim.Last Update: June 5, 2018.
- Sight Threatening Graves’ Orbitopathy/Thyroid Eye DiseaseLuigi Bartalena.Last Update: March 13, 2026.
- Subacute ThyroiditisJames v Hennessey.Last Update: June 12, 2018.
- Thyroid StormLeslie J. De Groot, Luigi Bartalena, and Kenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: April 15, 2025.
- Thyroxine PoisoningGeraldo Medeiros-Neto.Last Update: July 17, 2018.
- Adrenal Insufficiency
- Endocrinology of Female Reproduction
- Abnormalities of Female Pubertal DevelopmentMamie McLean, Ann J Davis, and Richard H Reindollar.Last Update: August 19, 2015.
- Benign Breast Disease in WomenRichard J Santen.Last Update: May 25, 2018.
- Central Causes of AmenorrheaJames H Liu, Bansari Patel, and Gretchen Collins.Last Update: March 1, 2016.
- ContraceptionSarah Horvath, Courtney A Schreiber, and Sarita Sonalkar.Last Update: January 17, 2018.
- Endocrinology of PregnancyReshef Tal and Hugh S. Taylor.Last Update: March 18, 2021.
- EndometriosisOlivia J Carpinello, Lauren W Sundheimer, Connie E Alford, Robert N Taylor, and Alan H DeCherney.Last Update: October 22, 2017.
- Evaluation and Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender Incongruent AdultsNienke M Nota, Martin den Heijer, and Louis J Gooren.Last Update: July 21, 2019.
- Evaluation and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary SyndromeRichard S Legro.Last Update: January 11, 2017.
- Evaluation of Amenorrhea, Anovulation, and Abnormal BleedingRobert Rebar.Last Update: January 15, 2018.
- Evaluation of Infertility, Ovulation Induction and Assisted ReproductionKatherine McKnight and Laurie Jane McKenzie.Last Update: April 12, 2016.
- Morphology and Physiology of the OvaryCarmen J Williams and Gregory F Erickson.Last Update: January 30, 2012.
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (Formerly Premenstrual Syndrome)Robert L Reid.Last Update: January 23, 2017.
- The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of OvulationBeverly G Reed and Bruce R Carr.Last Update: August 5, 2018.
- The Postmenopausal WomenCassandra Roeca, Zain Al-Safi, and Nanette Santoro.Last Update: September 30, 2025.
- Abnormalities of Female Pubertal Development
- Diffuse Hormonal Systems and Endocrine Tumor Syndromes
- CCKomaWouter W de Herder and Johannes Hofland.Last Update: January 23, 2021.
- Diffuse Hormonal SystemsAmanda Andersson-Rolf, Hans Clevers, and Talya L. Dayton.Last Update: August 7, 2021.
- GastrinomaRobert T. Jensen and Tetsuhide Ito.Last Update: September 27, 2023.
- Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors and the Carcinoid SyndromeJohannes Hofland and Wouter W. de Herder.Last Update: August 25, 2023.
- GhrelinomaWouter T Zandee, Johannes Hofland, Aart J van de Lely, and Wouter W. de Herder.Last Update: July 31, 2020.
- Glucagon & Glucagonoma SyndromeWouter W. de Herder and Johannes Hofland.Last Update: April 7, 2023.
- InsulinomaWouter W. de Herder and Johannes Hofland.Last Update: April 4, 2023.
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type IMedard F. M. van den Broek, Bernadette P.M. van Nesselrooij, Mark J.C. van Treijen, Rachel S. van Leeuwaarde, Lutske Lodewijk, and Gerlof D. Valk.Last Update: March 28, 2026.
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2Mark J.C. van Treijen, Lisa H. de Vries, Doenja Hertog, Menno R. Vriens, Annemarie A. Verrijn Stuart, Bernadette P.M. van Nesselrooij, and Gerlof D. Valk.Last Update: January 2, 2022.
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 4Wouter W. de Herder and Johannes Hofland.Last Update: February 28, 2022.
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 5Wouter W. de Herder and Johannes Hofland.Last Update: March 23, 2026.
- NeurotensinomasAaron Vinik.Last Update: June 5, 2017.
- Paraneoplastic Syndromes Related to Neuroendocrine TumorsMarina Tsoli, Georgios K. Dimitriadis, Ioannis I. Androulakis, Gregory Kaltsas, and Ashley Grossman.Last Update: September 26, 2020.
- Pathophysiology and Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (PNENS): New DevelopmentsLaura Mariën, Odeta Islam, Laura Van Mileghem, Willem Lybaert, Marc Peeters, and Timon Vandamme.Last Update: April 8, 2022.
- SomatostatinomaWouter W. de Herder and Johannes Hofland.Last Update: April 12, 2023.
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Secreting Tumor (VIPoma)Wouter W. de Herder and Johannes Hofland.Last Update: April 5, 2023.
- CCKoma
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism
- Approach to the Patient with DyslipidemiaKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: June 27, 2025.
- Cerebrotendinous XanthomatosisNivedita Patni and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: April 12, 2026.
- Cholesterol Lowering DrugsKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: April 23, 2026.
- Clinical Management of Dyslipidemia in Youth with Chronic Kidney DiseaseAlejandro De La Torre, Nivedita Patni, and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: June 29, 2024.
- Combined Dyslipidemia in Children and AdolescentsRae-Ellen W. Kavey.Last Update: July 23, 2026.
- Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type 3 Hyperlipoproteinemia)Weerapan Khovidhunkit.Last Update: January 13, 2025.
- Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney DiseaseSteven Lacount and Lisa R. Tannock.Last Update: April 30, 2025.
- Dyslipidemia in Patients with DiabetesKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: July 12, 2026.
- Effect of Pregnancy on Lipid Metabolism and Lipoprotein LevelsRobert Wild and Kenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: January 31, 2026.
- Understanding Ethical Dilemmas in Pediatric Lipidology- Genetic Testing in YouthG. Kevin Donovan and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: March 5, 2024.
- Lipoprotein(a)Weerapan Khovidhunkit.Last Update: October 11, 2023.
- Familial HypercholesterolemiaAmy E. Levenson and Sarah D. de Ferranti.Last Update: November 28, 2023.
- Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Genes and BeyondBruce A. Warden, Sergio Fazio, and Michael D. Shapiro.Last Update: September 23, 2024.
- Fetal and Neonatal Cholesterol MetabolismLaura A. Woollett and Amy S. Shah.Last Update: June 22, 2026.
- Genetic Disorders Causing Hypertriglyceridemia in Children and AdolescentsAmy S. Shah and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: March 6, 2026.
- Genetic Testing in Youth – A Primer for Pediatric LipidologistsLuke Hamilton and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: July 12, 2024.
- Genetics and DyslipidemiaNivedita Patni, Zahid Ahmad, and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: April 17, 2023.
- Guidelines for the Management of DyslipidemiaKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: May 4, 2026.
- Guidelines for Screening, Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Children and AdolescentsStephen R. Daniels.Last Update: January 18, 2020.
- Hypoglycemia in Neonates, Infants, and ChildrenElizabeth Rosenfeld and Paul S. Thornton.Last Update: August 22, 2023.
- Hypertriglyceridemia: Pathophysiology, Role of Genetics, Consequences, and TreatmentSavitha Subramanian.Last Update: January 8, 2024.
- Introduction to Lipids and LipoproteinsKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: January 14, 2024.
- Is Atherosclerosis a Pediatric Disease?Don P. Wilson.Last Update: December 11, 2025.
- Lifestyle Changes: Effect of Diet, Exercise, Functional Food, and Obesity Treatment on Lipids and LipoproteinsByambaa Enkhmaa, Prasanth Surampudi, Erdembileg Anuurad, and Lars Berglund.Last Update: September 11, 2018.
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels in Patients with Covid-19 InfectionsKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: January 15, 2026.
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Liver DiseaseMariana Acuña and David E. Cohen.Last Update: March 6, 2026.
- Lipid Disorders in People with HIVSudipa Sarkar and Todd T. Brown.Last Update: January 21, 2023.
- Lipid Screening in YouthJoseph Burns and Justin P. Zachariah.Last Update: February 16, 2026.
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Central Precocious PubertyAdi Auerbach and David Zangen.Last Update: January 10, 2026.
- Lipoprotein (a) in YouthCatherine J. McNeal and Amy L. Peterson.Last Update: April 19, 2023.
- Lipoprotein ApheresisKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: February 6, 2026.
- Lysosomal Acid Lipase DeficiencyDon P. Wilson and Nivedita Patni.Last Update: April 16, 2026.
- Management of Hospitalized Children with Severe HypertriglyceridemiaAlejandro De La Torre, Luke Hamilton, and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: June 25, 2026.
- Medication Induced Changes in Lipids and LipoproteinsMegan C. Herink.Last Update: September 2, 2025.
- Monogenic Disorders Causing HypobetalipoproteinemiaMichael D. Shapiro and Kenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: January 22, 2024.
- Monogenic Disorders Altering HDL LevelsMichael D. Shapiro and Kenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: January 15, 2024.
- Non-Invasive Techniques in Pediatric DyslipidemiaDamon B. Dixon.Last Update: May 5, 2026.
- Nutritional Management of Pediatric DyslipidemiaLauren A. Williams, Kasey Lewis, and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: May 3, 2026.
- Obesity and DyslipidemiaKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: March 24, 2026.
- Risk of Fasting and Non-Fasting Hypertriglyceridemia in Coronary Vascular Disease and PancreatitisAndrew Messersmith, Rahul Purbey, and Lisa R. Tannock.Last Update: June 3, 2025.
- Secondary HypertriglyceridemiaIrwin Benuck, Don P. Wilson, and Catherine J. McNeal.Last Update: March 5, 2026.
- Reproductive Health and its Impact on Lipid Management in Adolescent and Young Adult FemalesAnn Liebeskind, Jennifer Thompson, and Don Wilson.Last Update: December 27, 2022.
- SitosterolemiaAnn Liebeskind, Amy L. Peterson, and Don Wilson.Last Update: March 10, 2023.
- The Effect of Endocrine Disorders on Lipids and LipoproteinsKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: March 20, 2026.
- Effect of Inflammation and Infection on Lipids and LipoproteinsKenneth R. Feingold and Carl Grunfeld.Last Update: June 18, 2025.
- The Measurement of Lipids, Lipoproteins, Apolipoproteins, Fatty Acids, and Sterols, and Next Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lipid DisordersErnst J Schaefer, Fumiyoshi Tsunoda, Margaret Diffenderfer, Eliana Polisecki, Ngoc Thai, and Bela Asztalos.Last Update: March 29, 2016.
- The Role of Lipids and Lipoproteins in AtherosclerosisMacRae F Linton, Patricia G Yancey, Sean S Davies, W. Gray Jerome, Edward F Linton, Wenliang L Song, Amanda C Doran, and Kasey C Vickers.Last Update: January 3, 2019.
- The Role of Parents in the Care of Children with DyslipidemiaGabriella Webster, Melissa Scarcelli, Brenda Sonnier, Luke Hamilton, and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: May 22, 2024.
- Triglyceride Lowering DrugsKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: April 23, 2026.
- Use of Lipid Lowering Medications in YouthMelissa L. Miller, Amina Mujkic, and Chanin C. Wright.Last Update: November 26, 2023.
- Utility of Advanced Lipoprotein Testing in Clinical PracticeKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: April 27, 2026.
- Approach to the Patient with Dyslipidemia
- Endocrinology of Male Reproduction
- Age-Related Changes in the Male Reproductive SystemShalender Bhasin, Rodrigo J. Valderrábano, and Thiago Gagliano-Jucá.Last Update: February 10, 2022.
- Androgen Physiology, Pharmacology, Use and MisuseDavid J Handelsman.Last Update: October 5, 2020.
- Androgen Physiology: Receptor and Metabolic DisordersIain J McEwan and Albert O. Brinkmann.Last Update: July 2, 2021.
- Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease in MenBu B. Yeap and Girish Dwivedi.Last Update: December 14, 2022.
- Benign Prostate DisordersNathan Lawrentschuk, Gideon Ptasznik, and Sean Ong.Last Update: October 7, 2021.
- Clinical Management of Male InfertilityShlomi Barak and HWG Baker.Last Update: February 5, 2016.
- Cryptorchidism and HypospadiasJohn M. Hutson.Last Update: December 14, 2022.
- Endocrinology of the Testis and SpermatogenesisLiza O’Donnell and Lee B. Smith.Last Update: January 7, 2026.
- Estrogens, Male Reproduction and BeyondVincenzo Rochira and Cesare Carani.Last Update: March 21, 2023.
- Evaluation and Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender Incongruent AdultsNienke M Nota, Martin den Heijer, and Louis J Gooren.Last Update: July 21, 2019.
- Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and TreatmentRonald S. Swerdloff and Jason C. M. Ng.Last Update: January 6, 2023.
- Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (HH) and Gonadotropin TherapyFrances Hayes, Andrew Dwyer, and Nelly Pitteloud.Last Update: November 25, 2013.
- Laboratory Assessment of Testicular FunctionStephen J. Winters.Last Update: March 28, 2026.
- Male Androgenetic AlopeciaLeila Asfour, William Cranwell, and Rodney Sinclair.Last Update: January 25, 2023.
- Male ContraceptionDavid J. Handelsman.Last Update: March 7, 2026.
- Medical and Surgical Therapy of Erectile DysfunctionAlan W. Shindel and Tom F. Lue.Last Update: July 17, 2022.
- Performance Enhancing Hormone Doping in SportDavid J. Handelsman.Last Update: December 22, 2025.
- Primary Testicular FailureHermann M Behre, Martin Bergmann, Manuela Simoni, and Frank Tüttelmann.Last Update: August 30, 2015.
- Prostate Cancer DetectionMatthew John Roberts, Patrick Teloken, Suzanne K Chambers, Scott G Williams, John Yaxley, Hema Samaratunga, Mark Frydenberg, and Robert A. (‘Frank’) Gardiner.Last Update: June 11, 2018.
- Testicular Cancer: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management with Focus on Endocrine AspectsEwa Rajpert-De Meyts, Lise Aksglaede, Mikkel Bandak, Jorma Toppari, and Niels Jørgensen.Last Update: March 29, 2023.
- Age-Related Changes in the Male Reproductive System
- Pituitary Disease and Neuroendocrinology
- AcromegalyPaul V. Carroll and Mamta N. Joshi.Last Update: September 7, 2022.
- Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency- Clinical ManagementUlla Feldt-Rasmussen and Marianne Klose.Last Update: May 23, 2022.
- Aggressive Pituitary Tumors and Pituitary CarcinomasSunita M. C. De Sousa and Ann I. McCormack.Last Update: December 15, 2025.
- CraniopharyngiomasKirstie Lithgow, Ross Hamblin, Ute Pohl, and Niki Karavitaki.Last Update: February 26, 2022.
- Cushing’s SyndromeAgata Juszczak, Damian Morris, and Ashley Grossman.Last Update: September 5, 2024.
- Development and Microscopic Anatomy of the Pituitary GlandIan S. Scott, Arpita Chattopadhyay, and Olaf Ansorge.Last Update: July 21, 2025.
- Disorders of Growth Hormone in ChildhoodPhilip G. Murray and Peter E. Clayton.Last Update: March 9, 2022.
- Empty SellaDragana Miljic, Sandra Pekic, and Vera Popovic.Last Update: October 9, 2024.
- Familial Isolated Pituitary AdenomaAna L. Carreira and Márta Korbonits.Last Update: March 7, 2024.
- Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and PituitaryRonald M Lechan and Roberto Toni.Last Update: November 28, 2016.
- Pediatric Implications of Normal Insulin-GH-IGF Axis PhysiologyPeter Bang.Last Update: April 4, 2024.
- HyperprolactinemiaAnna Louise Stellfeld Monteiro and Andrea Glezer.Last Update: July 22, 2025.
- HypophysitisAlessandro Prete and Roberto Salvatori.Last Update: December 1, 2025.
- Pharmacological Causes of HyperprolactinemiaTea Shehu Kolnikaj, Madalina Musat, Rezvan Salehidoost, and Márta Korbonits.Last Update: January 4, 2024.
- HypopituitarismTeng-Teng Chung and Marta Korbonits.Last Update: July 9, 2025.
- Hypopituitarism Following Cranial RadiotherapySandra Pekic, Dragana Miljic, and Vera Popovic.Last Update: August 17, 2024.
- Infections Of The Hypothalamic-Pituitary RegionSandra Pekic, Dragana Miljic, and Vera Popovic.Last Update: September 27, 2024.
- Non-Functioning Pituitary AdenomasJuliana Beaudette Drummond, Antônio Ribeiro-Oliveira, Jr., and Beatriz Santana Soares.Last Update: October 12, 2022.
- Normal Physiology of ACTH and GH Release in the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary in ManChung Thong Lim and Bernard Khoo.Last Update: January 28, 2025.
- Normal Physiology of Growth Hormone in Normal AdultsNicoleta Cristina Olarescu, Kavinga Gunawardane, Troels Krarup Hanson, Niels Møller, and Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen.Last Update: April 18, 2025.
- Pathology And Pathogenesis Of Pituitary Adenomas And Other Sellar LesionsSarah Larkin and Olaf Ansorge.Last Update: February 15, 2017.
- A Systems-Based Approach to Safety in Pituitary SurgeryLuis V Syro, Nicolas Coronel-Restrepo, Jorge Saldarriaga, Adriana M. Penagos, Ana C. Ayala, Daniel Syro, Leon D. Ortiz, Bladimir Gil, Luis C. Penagos, and Humberto Uribe.Last Update: January 8, 2026.
- Physiology of GnRH and Gonadotrophin SecretionPedro Marques, Adriana De Sousa Lages, Karolina Skorupskaite, Kavitha S. Rozario, Richard A. Anderson, and Jyothis T George.Last Update: October 15, 2024.
- Physiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid AxisStefano Mariotti and Paolo Beck-Peccoz.Last Update: April 20, 2021.
- Physiology of the Pineal Gland and MelatoninJosephine Arendt and Anna Aulinas.Last Update: October 30, 2022.
- Pituitary Tumors in ChildhoodAnnamaria Colao and Rosa Pirchio.Last Update: January 9, 2021.
- Pituitary and Hypothalamic Tumor Syndromes in ChildhoodHoong-Wei Gan, Manuela Cerbone, Chloe Bulwer, and Helen Alexandra Spoudeas.Last Update: August 24, 2022.
- Pituitary-Hypothalamic Tumor Syndromes: AdultsIsabel Huguet and Richard Clayton.Last Update: July 3, 2015.
- Radiology of the PituitaryJane Evanson.Last Update: September 14, 2023.
- Genetic Etiology of Congenital HypopituitarismDavid J. Cullingford, Aris Siafarikas, and Catherine S. Choong.Last Update: February 5, 2023.
- Radiotherapy for Pituitary TumorsDoaa Almeldin, Naomi Fersht, and Michael Kosmin.Last Update: August 4, 2023.
- Surgical Treatment of Pituitary AdenomasJohn A. Jane, Jr, Michael P. Catalino, and Edward R. Laws, Jr.Last Update: March 9, 2022.
- The Neurohypophysis: Endocrinology of Vasopressin and OxytocinMirjam Christ-Crain and Stephen Ball.Last Update: December 18, 2025.
- The Pineal Gland and Pineal TumoursJosephine Arendt.Last Update: January 1, 2011.
- Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary AdenomasLuca Persani, Andrea Lania, and Paolo Beck-Peccoz.Last Update: July 3, 2025.
- Visual Pathway in Pituitary Disease: Integrating Structure and FunctionAnna M. Gruener, Lazar Krstic, and Melissa Hickinbottom.Last Update: May 12, 2026.
- Acromegaly
- Obesity - Obesitext
- Adipose Tissue: Physiology to Metabolic DysfunctionAllison J. Richard, Ursula White, Carrie M. Elks, and Jacqueline M. Stephens.Last Update: April 4, 2020.
- Adolescent Bariatric SurgerySarah Ogle, Nicholas Schmoke, and Thomas Inge.Last Update: January 19, 2025.
- An Historical Review of Steps and Missteps in the Discovery of Anti-Obesity DrugsGeorge A. Bray and Jonathan Q. Purnell.Last Update: July 10, 2022.
- Behavioral Approaches to Obesity ManagementAriana Marie Chao, Jena Shaw Tronieri, Naji Alamuddin, and Thomas A. Wadden.Last Update: March 10, 2026.
- Body Weight RegulationEmily K. Woolf, Hannah E. Cabre, Alex N. Niclou, and Leanne M. Redman.Last Update: June 13, 2024.
- Clinical Problems Caused by ObesityIoannis Kyrou, Harpal S Randeva, Constantine Tsigos, Grigorios Kaltsas, and Martin O Weickert.Last Update: January 11, 2018.
- Control of Energy Expenditure in HumansKlaas R. Westerterp.Last Update: March 21, 2022.
- Definitions, Classification, and Epidemiology of ObesityJonathan Q. Purnell.Last Update: May 4, 2023.
- Dietary Treatment of ObesityJohanna T Dwyer, Kathleen J Melanson, Utchima Sriprachy-anunt, Paige Cross, and Madelyn Wilson.Last Update: February 28, 2015.
- Drugs That Affect Body Weight, Body Fat Distribution, and MetabolismAnn A. Verhaegen and Luc F Van Gaal.Last Update: February 11, 2019.
- Endocrine Changes in ObesityDorina Ylli, Sharleen Sidhu, Tanvi Parikh, and Kenneth D. Burman.Last Update: September 6, 2022.
- Endocrinology of the Gut and the Regulation of Body Weight and MetabolismAndrea Pucci and Rachel L Batterham.Last Update: April 25, 2020.
- Exercise Treatment of ObesityTori Stone, Loretta DiPietro, and Nina S. Stachenfeld.Last Update: May 15, 2021.
- Existing and Emerging Molecular Targets for the Pharmacotherapy of ObesitySpyridoula Glykofrydi, Alexander Kokkinos, Thomas M. Barber, George Mastorakos, and Georgios Valsamakis.Last Update: January 9, 2020.
- Lipodystrophy Syndromes: Presentation and TreatmentBaris Akinci, Merve Celik Gular, and Elif A. Oral.Last Update: August 21, 2024.
- Medical Management of the Post Operative Bariatric Surgery PatientTiffany Y. Kim, Sarah Kim, and Anne L. Schafer.Last Update: August 6, 2025.
- Metabolic SyndromeDavid W. Lam and Derek LeRoith.Last Update: February 11, 2019.
- Molecular links between Obesity and Diabetes: “Diabesity”Alexandra Chadt, Stephan Scherneck, Hans-Georg Joost, and Hadi Al-Hasani.Last Update: January 23, 2018.
- Neuroendocrine Control of Body Energy HomeostasisAlison H. Affinati and Martin G. Myers, Jr.Last Update: May 15, 2021.
- Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis in Human Energy HomeostasisChristian von Loeffelholz and Andreas L. Birkenfeld.Last Update: November 25, 2022.
- Obesity and DyslipidemiaKenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: March 24, 2026.
- Pharmacologic Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in AdultsBeverly G. Tchang, Mohini Aras, Rekha B. Kumar, and Louis J. Aronne.Last Update: July 9, 2026.
- Prevention of ObesityGeorge A Bray.Last Update: February 26, 2016.
- Social and Environmental Factors Influencing ObesityAlexandra Lee, Michelle Cardel, and William T Donahoo.Last Update: October 12, 2019.
- Special Considerations Relevant of Pediatric ObesityMichael Rosenbaum and Vidhu Thaker.Last Update: July 7, 2026.
- Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Diseases: Dercum Disease, Lipedema, Familial Multiple Lipomatosis, and Madelung DiseaseKaren Louise Herbst.Last Update: December 14, 2019.
- Surgical Prevention and Treatment of DiabetesAlexis Sudlow, Dimitri Pournaras, and Paul O'Brien.Last Update: February 2, 2025.
- The Control of Food Intake in HumansMark Hopkins, Kristine Beaulieu, Catherine Gibbons, Jason C.G. Halford, John Blundell, James Stubbs, and Grayham Finlayson.Last Update: November 21, 2022.
- Genetic Obesity SyndromesI. Sadaf Farooqi.Last Update: December 15, 2024.
- Thin Fat Obesity: The Tropical Phenotype of ObesityNitin Kapoor.Last Update: March 14, 2021.
- Use of the Historial Weight Trajectory to Guide an Obesity Focused Patient EncounterGitanjali Srivastava, Robert F. Kushner, and Caroline M. Apovian.Last Update: October 22, 2022.
- Adipose Tissue: Physiology to Metabolic Dysfunction
- Diseases of Bone and Mineral Metabolism
- An Overview of Glucocorticoid-Induced OsteoporosisIoannis Ilias, Charalampos Milionis, and Emmanouil Zoumakis.Last Update: March 19, 2022.
- Anatomy and Ultrastructure of Bone – Histogenesis, Growth and RemodelingCarolina A Moreira, David W Dempster, and Roland Baron.Last Update: June 5, 2019.
- Approach to HypercalcemiaDavid Goltzman.Last Update: March 19, 2026.
- Calcium and Phosphate HomeostasisJoseph L. Shaker and Leonard Deftos.Last Update: May 17, 2023.
- Disorders in the Action of Vitamin DUri Liberman and Daniel D. Bikle.Last Update: July 6, 2023.
- Fibrous DysplasiaAlison M Boyce.Last Update: March 27, 2019.
- Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar SyndromeAnna Milanesi, Shalini Bhat, and Jane E. Weinreb.Last Update: January 31, 2026.
- Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Kidney DiseaseTilman B. Drüeke.Last Update: February 14, 2025.
- Hypocalcemia: Diagnosis and TreatmentAnne L Schafer and Dolores M Shoback.Last Update: January 3, 2016.
- Hypoparathyroidism and PseudohypoparathyroidismMurat Bastepe and Robert C. Gensure.Last Update: May 8, 2024.
- NephrolithiasisNaim M. Maalouf.Last Update: February 6, 2026.
- Osteogenesis ImperfectaJoan C. Marini and An N. Dang Do.Last Update: July 26, 2020.
- Osteoporosis: Clinical EvaluationE. Michael Lewiecki.Last Update: November 2, 2024.
- Osteoporosis: Prevention and TreatmentSarah Zaheer and Meryl S LeBoff.Last Update: December 27, 2022.
- Osteoporosis in MenRobert A. Adler.Last Update: March 26, 2024.
- Paget’s Disease of BoneFrederick R. Singer.Last Update: January 4, 2020.
- Post-Transplant OsteoporosisFederico Hawkins Carranza, Gonzalo Allo Miguel, and María Soledad Librizzi.Last Update: May 6, 2025.
- Primary Disorders of Phosphate MetabolismThomas O. Carpenter.Last Update: September 25, 2025.
- Primary HyperparathyroidismMarcella D. Walker and John P. Bilezikian.Last Update: April 19, 2021.
- The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of OsteoporosisClifford J. Rosen.Last Update: June 21, 2020.
- Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, and Mechanism of ActionDaniel D. Bikle.Last Update: June 15, 2025.
- An Overview of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
- Pediatric Endocrinology
- 46,XY Differences of Sexual DevelopmentSorahia Domenice, Rafael Loch Batista, Ivo J, P. Arnhold, Maria Helena Sircili, Elaine M. F. Costa, and Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca.Last Update: August 21, 2022.
- Adrenal Insufficiency in ChildrenMarissa J. Kilberg and Maria G. Vogiatzi.Last Update: October 2, 2024.
- Ambiguous Genitalia in the NewbornChrista E. Flück and Tülay Güran.Last Update: November 13, 2023.
- Autoimmune Polyglandular SyndromesMark A. Sperling, Anna Angelousi, and Mabel Yau.Last Update: July 21, 2024.
- Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Youth with Diabetes- Opportunities and ChallengesAmy S. Shah and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: June 20, 2024.
- Cerebrotendinous XanthomatosisNivedita Patni and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: April 12, 2026.
- Combined Dyslipidemia in Children and AdolescentsRae-Ellen W. Kavey.Last Update: July 23, 2026.
- Congenital Adrenal HyperplasiaPhyllis W. Speiser and Perrin C. White.Last Update: January 21, 2026.
- Cryptorchidism and HypospadiasJohn M. Hutson.Last Update: December 14, 2022.
- Disorders of Growth Hormone in ChildhoodPhilip G. Murray and Peter E. Clayton.Last Update: March 9, 2022.
- Disorders of the Thyroid Gland in Infancy, Childhood and AdolescenceMaria Segni.Last Update: March 18, 2017.
- Endocrine Hypertension in ChildhoodSaroj Nimkarn and Maria New.Last Update: March 3, 2017.
- Endocrine Hypertension in Children and AdolescenceNicolas C. Nicolaides and Constantine A. Stratakis.Last Update: March 2, 2025.
- Understanding Ethical Dilemmas in Pediatric Lipidology- Genetic Testing in YouthG. Kevin Donovan and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: March 5, 2024.
- Etiology and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and AdolescentsMabel Yau, Noel K. Maclaren, and Mark A. Sperling.Last Update: June 19, 2021.
- Familial HypercholesterolemiaAmy E. Levenson and Sarah D. de Ferranti.Last Update: November 28, 2023.
- Fetal and Neonatal Cholesterol MetabolismLaura A. Woollett and Amy S. Shah.Last Update: June 22, 2026.
- Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents- A Focus on Diagnosis and TreatmentOrit Pinhas-Hamiel and Philip Zeitler.Last Update: November 7, 2023.
- Pediatric Implications of Normal Insulin-GH-IGF Axis PhysiologyPeter Bang.Last Update: April 4, 2024.
- Genetic Defects in Thyroid Hormone SupplyImmacolata Cristina Nettore, Gianfranco Fenzi, and Paolo E Macchia.Last Update: January 12, 2018.
- Genetic Disorders Causing Hypertriglyceridemia in Children and AdolescentsAmy S. Shah and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: March 6, 2026.
- Genetic Testing in Youth – A Primer for Pediatric LipidologistsLuke Hamilton and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: July 12, 2024.
- Genetics and DyslipidemiaNivedita Patni, Zahid Ahmad, and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: April 17, 2023.
- Cushing Syndrome/Disease in Children and AdolescentsChristina Tatsi.Last Update: March 14, 2024.
- Pituitary GigantismMinu M. George, Erica A. Eugster, and Steven D. Chernausek.Last Update: June 22, 2022.
- Growth and Growth DisordersBerrin Ergun-Longmire and Michael P. Wajnrajch.Last Update: March 4, 2025.
- Guidelines for Screening, Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Children and AdolescentsStephen R. Daniels.Last Update: January 18, 2020.
- Idiopathic Short Stature and Growth Failure of Unknown EtiologyMabel Yau, Jessica Lu, and Robert Rapaport.Last Update: October 24, 2023.
- Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormone: Defects of Transport, Metabolism, and ActionAlexandra M. Dumitrescu, Manassawee Korwutthikulrangsri, and Samuel Refetof.Last Update: April 23, 2023.
- Is Atherosclerosis a Pediatric Disease?Don P. Wilson.Last Update: December 11, 2025.
- Lipid Screening in YouthJoseph Burns and Justin P. Zachariah.Last Update: February 16, 2026.
- Lipoprotein (a) in YouthCatherine J. McNeal and Amy L. Peterson.Last Update: April 19, 2023.
- Lysosomal Acid Lipase DeficiencyDon P. Wilson and Nivedita Patni.Last Update: April 16, 2026.
- Medical Interventions for Transgender YouthNatalie J Nokoff and Christopher Lewis.Last Update: December 25, 2025.
- Mineralocorticoid Defects in ChildrenAllie Dayno, Marissa J. Kilberg, and Maria G. Vogiatzi.Last Update: April 20, 2025.
- Osteoporosis and Bone Fragility in ChildrenRebecca J. Gordon, Madhusmita Misra, and Deborah M. Mitchell.Last Update: July 20, 2023.
- Neonatal HyperthyroidismMarissa S. Aaron and Jessica R. Smith.Last Update: July 8, 2026.
- Non-Invasive Techniques in Pediatric DyslipidemiaDamon B. Dixon.Last Update: May 5, 2026.
- Normal and Abnormal PubertyKanthi Bangalore Krishna and Selma Feldman Witchel.Last Update: April 9, 2024.
- Nutritional Management of Pediatric DyslipidemiaLauren A. Williams, Kasey Lewis, and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: May 3, 2026.
- Pituitary Tumors in ChildhoodAnnamaria Colao and Rosa Pirchio.Last Update: January 9, 2021.
- Secondary HypertriglyceridemiaIrwin Benuck, Don P. Wilson, and Catherine J. McNeal.Last Update: March 5, 2026.
- Sexual DifferentiationRodolfo Ray and Chrystèle Racine.Last Update: July 24, 2025.
- SitosterolemiaAnn Liebeskind, Amy L. Peterson, and Don Wilson.Last Update: March 10, 2023.
- Skeletal DysplasiasNatalie Hecht Baldauff and Vered Lewy Weiss.Last Update: January 1, 2026.
- The Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Disease and Lipid and Lipoprotein LevelsKenneth R, Feingold.Last Update: March 31, 2024.
- The Role of Parents in the Care of Children with DyslipidemiaGabriella Webster, Melissa Scarcelli, Brenda Sonnier, Luke Hamilton, and Don P. Wilson.Last Update: May 22, 2024.
- TSH Receptor Mutations and DiseasesGunnar Kleinau and Gilbert Vassart.Last Update: July 24, 2017.
- Reproductive Health and its Impact on Lipid Management in Adolescent and Young Adult FemalesAnn Liebeskind, Jennifer Thompson, and Don Wilson.Last Update: December 27, 2022.
- Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and AdolescentsMabel Yau and Mark A. Sperling.Last Update: June 28, 2021.
- Use of Lipid Lowering Medications in YouthMelissa L. Miller, Amina Mujkic, and Chanin C. Wright.Last Update: November 26, 2023.
- 46,XY Differences of Sexual Development
- Endocrine Disease and Pregnancy
- Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism and Related Disorders During Pregnancy and LactationChristopher S. Kovacs.Last Update: October 12, 2024.
- Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer Prior To, During, and Following PregnancyChristopher W. Rowe and Kristien Boelaert.Last Update: April 26, 2022.
- Effect of Pregnancy on Lipid Metabolism and Lipoprotein LevelsRobert Wild and Kenneth R. Feingold.Last Update: January 31, 2026.
- Endocrinology of PregnancyReshef Tal and Hugh S. Taylor.Last Update: March 18, 2021.
- Gestational DiabetesXiao-Yu Wang, Erin M. Cleary, Stephen F. Thung, Kartik K Venkatesh, and Elizabeth O. Buschur.Last Update: August 28, 2024.
- Pituitary and Adrenal Disorders of PregnancyMelanie Nana and Catherine Williamson.Last Update: August 22, 2025.
- Pregestational Diabetes MellitusChristine P. Field, Erin M. Cleary, Stephen F. Thung, Kartik Venkatesh, and Elizabeth O. Buschur.Last Update: March 3, 2025.
- Thyroid Regulation and Dysfunction in the Pregnant PatientElizabeth N. Pearce.Last Update: July 6, 2026.
- Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism and Related Disorders During Pregnancy and Lactation
- Endocrine Testing Protocols
- AcromegalyPaul V. Carroll and Mamta N. Joshi.Last Update: September 7, 2022.
- Assay of Thyroid Hormone and Related SubstancesCarole A. Spencer.Last Update: July 3, 2025.
- Assessing Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance in HumansRanganath Muniyappa, Ritu Madan, and Ron T. Varghese.Last Update: October 16, 2024.
- Diagnostic Tests for Diabetes InsipidusSriram Gubbi, Maham Shahid, Christian A. Koch, and Joseph G. Verbalis.Last Update: November 23, 2025.
- Diagnostic Tests for Diabetes MellitusMelanie Nelson and Kathleen M. Dungan.Last Update: February 7, 2025.
- Endocrine Testing Protocols: Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal AxisNikolina Babic, Kiang-Teck J. Yeo, Zeina C. Hannoush, and Roy E. Weiss.Last Update: August 7, 2023.
- Endocrine Testing for the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)Rainer U. Pliquett and Nicholas Obermüller.Last Update: December 22, 2022.
- Growth Hormone Stimulation Tests in Assessing Adult Growth Hormone DeficiencyKevin C.J. Yuen.Last Update: August 8, 2023.
- HypopituitarismTeng-Teng Chung and Marta Korbonits.Last Update: July 9, 2025.
- Laboratory Assessment of Testicular FunctionStephen J. Winters.Last Update: March 28, 2026.
- Ovarian Reserve TestingJ. Preston Parry and Christian A. Koch.Last Update: December 18, 2025.
- Testing for Endocrine HypertensionFady Hannah-Shmouni, Eugen Melcescu, and Christian A Koch.Last Update: December 30, 2016.
- Acromegaly
- Thyroid Physiology and Disease
- Acute and Subacute, and Riedel’s ThyroiditisPriyanka Majety and James V. Hennessey.Last Update: July 25, 2022.
- Adult HypothyroidismWilmar M Wiersinga.Last Update: March 28, 2014.
- Assay of Thyroid Hormone and Related SubstancesCarole A. Spencer.Last Update: July 3, 2025.
- Autoimmunity to the Thyroid GlandAnthony Weetman and Leslie J DeGroot.Last Update: January 14, 2016.
- Cellular Action of Thyroid HormoneRohit Sinha and Paul M Yen.Last Update: June 20, 2018.
- Cellular Uptake of Thyroid HormonesTheo J Visser.Last Update: June 15, 2016.
- Chapter 2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis And SecretionBernard Rousset, Corinne Dupuy, Françoise Miot, and Jacques Dumont.Last Update: September 2, 2015.
- Chapter 21 SURGERY OF THE THYROIDEdwin Kaplan, Peter Angelos, Megan Applewhite, Frederic Mercier, and Raymon H Grogan.Last Update: September 25, 2015.
- Clinical Strategies in the Testing of Thyroid FunctionUlla Feldt-Rasmussen and Marianne Klose.Last Update: November 20, 2020.
- Defects of Thyroid Hormone Transport in SerumSamuel Refetoff.Last Update: March 4, 2023.
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Graves’ DiseaseSimon H.S. Pearce, Timothy D. Cheetham, Claire L. Wood, Earn H. Gan, and Petros Perros.Last Update: January 10, 2026.
- Disorders of the Thyroid Gland in Infancy, Childhood and AdolescenceMaria Segni.Last Update: March 18, 2017.
- Effects of the Environment, Chemicals and Drugs on Thyroid FunctionDavid Sarne.Last Update: September 27, 2016.
- Evaluation of Thyroid Function in Health and DiseaseJayne Franklyn and Michael Shephard.Last Update: September 21, 2000.
- Fine-Needle Aspiration of the Thyroid GlandSina Jasim, Diana S. Dean, and Hossein Gharib.Last Update: March 23, 2023.
- Genetic Defects in Thyroid Hormone SupplyImmacolata Cristina Nettore, Gianfranco Fenzi, and Paolo E Macchia.Last Update: January 12, 2018.
- Graves’ Disease and the Manifestations of ThyrotoxicosisDavid Toro-Tobon and Marius N. Stan.Last Update: September 24, 2024.
- Graves’ Disease: ComplicationsLuigi Bartalena.Last Update: February 20, 2018.
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