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SRX19513276: GSM7066468: 315_L2; Drosophila melanogaster; RNA-Seq
1 ILLUMINA (Illumina HiSeq 2500) run: 44.3M spots, 2.2G bases, 962.6Mb downloads

External Id: GSM7066468_r1
Submitted by: INRAE
Study: GENETIC INDEPENDENCE BETWEEN TRAITS SEPARATED BY METAMORPHOSIS IS WIDESPREAD BUT VARIES WITH BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
show Abstracthide Abstract
Why is metamorphosis so pervasive? Does it facilitate the independent (micro)evolution of quantitative traits in distinct life-stages, like it does for discrete characters such as limbs and organs? We tested this hypothesis by measuring the expression of 6400 genes in 41 Drosophila melanogaster inbred lines at larval and adult stages. Only 32% of the genes showed significant genetic correlations between larval and adult expression. By contrast, 44% of the traits showed some level of independence between stages. Gene ontology terms enrichment of the functions most and least constrained among stages revealed that traits related to immunity emerged as largely correlated between larvae and adults. Direct comparisons with other datasets showed that inter-stage constraints were lower than inter-sexual or cross-environment genetic constraints. These results show that metamorphosis enables a large part of the transcriptome to evolve independently at different life-stages and identify biological functions under high and low genetic constraints. Overall design: DGRP lines and sample production We used the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel [DGRP, 18], a set of inbred lines derived from an outbred population of Drosophila melanogaster. We chose 50 lines that showed no inversion and scored across the range of starvation resistance measured in a previous study [18]. Our final analyses focussed on 41 DGRP lines after removing samples that could not be produced or failed to meet the quality control analyses criteria. All lines were reared on cornmeal-molasses-agar medium at 25°C and 12-hour light and dark cycles. Grand-parental generation consisted of two replicate vials per line of two virgin males and two virgin females placed together for 2 days and further tipped in in another vial to lay for another two days. Egg density was manually regulated to approximate 50 eggs per vial. In the following generation, 12 virgin males and 12 virgin females aged two to six days were placed together for 24 hours to ensure mating occurred. Up to three males and three females (36 out of the 328 vials contained fewer adults as there were not enough flies available) of these 12 were subsequently placed together in a vial for 48 hours. Egg density was approximately kept to 50 per vial. We independently used the larvae and adults that emerged from those vials for RNA sampling. Not all of lines were synchronous; in order to avoid creating among-line variance resulting from difference in development times, we did not collect all flies on the same day. During larva collections, once the first 'wanderer' (fully grown 3rd instar larva that stop eating and start searching for a pupation site) was observed in the vial, up to 10 larvae per vial were collected from the medium (i.e. not wanderers) and flash frozen with liquid nitrogen. When possible, a further 10 larvae were collected as a backup supply (and used in 12 of the 82 samples). The remainder of the flies were discarded (i.e. adults were never collected from a larva vial). Freezing occurred randomly during the day for the different samples, between 10am and 12am. The collected larvae were not sexed and we expect our samples to be a random mix of males and females. During the collection of adult flies, we scanned vials every day. When the first adults were observed in a vial, we removed them and collected all emerged adults within the following 48 hours. The collected adult flies were placed in fresh vials for 4 days to finish maturing and flash frozen in the same manner as were the larvae.
Sample: 315_L2
SAMN33456062 • SRS16900747 • All experiments • All runs
Library:
Name: GSM7066468
Instrument: Illumina HiSeq 2500
Strategy: RNA-Seq
Source: TRANSCRIPTOMIC
Selection: cDNA
Layout: SINGLE
Construction protocol: For each sample, we extracted RNA using phenol chloroform phase separation. We first added 500 µl of TRIzol (Thermo Fisher Scientific) to the frozen specimens and crushed them with a pestle. We then added 100 µl of chloroform to the crushed specimens, agitated the samples for 15 seconds, and incubated them at room temperature for 3 minutes. The samples were centrifuged at 12,000 RCF for 15 minutes at 4°C. We transferred the aqueous phase into fresh tubes, added an additional 250 µl of isopropanol, and inverted the tube four times to ensure mixing. After allowing the tubes to incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes, the samples were centrifuged at 12,000 RCF for 10 minutes at 4°C. We removed the supernatant, washed the pellet with 500 µl of 75% ethanol, and again centrifuged the samples at 7,500 RCF for 5 minutes at 4°C. A second wash was then carried out using 500 µl of 75% ethanol. After a final centrifugation at 7,500 RCF for 5 minutes at 4°C, the supernatant was carefully removed. The pellet was left to dry at room temperature for 30 min. RNA was resuspended in 100 µl of nuclease-free water and then the samples were heated to 55°C in a drybath for 15 minutes. We verified RNA concentration and integrity on the Bioanalyzer (Agilent) with the RNA 6000 Pico Kit according the manufacturer instructions, as well as on the NanoDrop™ 8000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). All RNA samples were stored at -80°C. We prepared the cDNA libraries using the Illumina® TruSeq® Stranded mRNA Sample Preparation Kit, following the manufacturer's protocol and using a Biomek NXᴾ Automated Workstation (Biomek NXP Span-8 by Beckman). In brief, poly-A-containing mRNA molecules were purified from 1 µg total RNA using poly-T oligo-attached magnetic beads. The purified mRNA was fragmented by adding the fragmentation buffer and then heated to 94°C in a thermocycler for 8 minutes. We primed the cleaved RNA fragments with random hexamers and used reverse transcriptase to synthesize first-strand cDNA. Second-strand cDNA synthesis, end repair, A-tailing, adapter ligation, and enrich DNA fragments were carried out in accordance with the manufacturer supplied protocols. Each indexed cDNA library was verified and quantified using a dsDNA 915 Reagent Kit on a Fragment Analyzer (Agilent). We equally mixed 12 to 13 indexed cDNA libraries in each final library. The final libraries were quantified by real-time PCR using the KAPA Library Quantification Kit for Illumina Sequencing Platforms (Kapa Biosystems Ltd, SA), adjusted to 10 nM in water, and provided to the Montpellier Genomix platform (http://www.mgx.cnrs.fr/) for sequencing. Each final mixed cDNA library was denatured with NaOH and diluted to a concentration of 18 pM using the standard library PhiX (1%) from Illumina. Flow cell was clustered using TruSeq SR Cluster Kit v3-cBot-HS, and then loaded into the Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument following the manufacturer's instructions. The v3 sequencing chemistry (TruSeq SBS Kit v3-HS) was used, applying a 50 cycle, single-read, indexed protocol. Image analyses and basecalling were carried out using the Hiseq Control Software (Illumina HCS) and Real-Time Analysis Software (Illumina RTA).
Runs: 1 run, 44.3M spots, 2.2G bases, 962.6Mb
Run# of Spots# of BasesSizePublished
SRR2362951644,342,5462.2G962.6Mb2024-02-27

ID:
26797987

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