show Abstracthide AbstractFungal communities associated with seeds of European ash (F. excelsior) were observed using ITS-based metabarcoding. Five to ten seeds were collected from different ramets per genotype and two genotypes were included in this study. The seeds were surfaced sterilized before DNA extraction from stalk and wing using Qiagen DNeasy Plant Pro kit. The primer pair BITS and B58S3 (Bokulich et al., 2013) was used to amplify the ITS1 region before sequencing with Illumina Miseq v3 (2x300 bp).