U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination
    • Showing Current items.

    HCAR1 hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 27198, updated on 2-Nov-2024

    Summary

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Official Symbol
    HCAR1provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:4532
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000196917 MIM:606923; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4532
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    VALIDATED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    HCA1; GPR81; LACR1; FKSG80; GPR104; TAGPCR; TA-GPCR
    Summary
    G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs, or GPRs), such as GPR81, contain 7 transmembrane domains and transduce extracellular signals through heterotrimeric G proteins.[supplied by OMIM, Feb 2005]
    Orthologs
    mouse all
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    Go to the top of the page Help
    See HCAR1 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    12q24.31
    Exon count:
    1
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 12 NC_000012.12 (122726076..122730844, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 12 NC_060936.1 (122721458..122726228, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 12 NC_000012.11 (123210623..123215391, complement)

    Chromosome 12 - NC_000012.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene microRNA 9902-2 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 5019 Neighboring gene hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:123214153-123214820 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:123218665-123219164 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 1215 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:123235867-123236728 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 5020 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 7236 Neighboring gene density regulated re-initiation and release factor Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 5021 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 13845 Neighboring gene coiled-coil domain containing 62 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:123274450-123275003 Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak2023 silencer Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr12:123296784-123296959 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 7238

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

    Go to the top of the pageHelp

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Lactate/Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications-Exercise Perspective. Meng X, et al. Mol Neurobiol, 2024 Oct. PMID 38427215
    2. Stimulation of lactate receptor (HCAR1) affects cellular DNA repair capacity. Wagner W, et al. DNA Repair (Amst), 2017 Apr. PMID 28258841
    3. G-protein-coupled receptor 81 promotes a malignant phenotype in breast cancer through angiogenic factor secretion. Lee YJ, et al. Oncotarget, 2016 Oct 25. PMID 27765922, Free PMC Article
    4. L- and D-lactate enhance DNA repair and modulate the resistance of cervical carcinoma cells to anticancer drugs via histone deacetylase inhibition and hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 activation. Wagner W, et al. Cell Commun Signal, 2015 Jul 25. PMID 26208712, Free PMC Article
    5. Effects of GPR81 silencing combined with cisplatin stimulation on biological function in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Jia Q, et al. Mol Med Rep, 2020 Sep. PMID 32582969, Free PMC Article

    See all (48) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Lactate/Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications-Exercise Perspective.
      Title: Lactate/Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications-Exercise Perspective.
    2. Immunohistochemical localization of HCA1 receptor in placenta in presence of fetal growth restriction.
      Title: Immunohistochemical localization of HCA1 receptor in placenta in presence of fetal growth restriction.
    3. High Glucose Levels Promote Switch to Synthetic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Lactate/GPR81.
      Title: High Glucose Levels Promote Switch to Synthetic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Lactate/GPR81.
    4. Activation of GPR81 aggravated intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced acute lung injury via HMGB1-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps formation.
      Title: Activation of GPR81 aggravated intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced acute lung injury via HMGB1-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps formation.
    5. History and Function of the Lactate Receptor GPR81/HCAR1 in the Brain: A Putative Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia.
      Title: History and Function of the Lactate Receptor GPR81/HCAR1 in the Brain: A Putative Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia.
    6. The lactate receptor GPR81 is predominantly expressed in type II human skeletal muscle fibers: potential for lactate autocrine signaling.
      Title: The lactate receptor GPR81 is predominantly expressed in type II human skeletal muscle fibers: potential for lactate autocrine signaling.
    7. Insights into the regulation of podocyte and glomerular function by lactate and its metabolic sensor G-protein-coupled receptor 81.
      Title: Insights into the regulation of podocyte and glomerular function by lactate and its metabolic sensor G-protein-coupled receptor 81.
    8. Activation of lactate receptor HCAR1 down-modulates neuronal activity in rodent and human brain tissue.
      Title: Activation of lactate receptor HCAR1 down-modulates neuronal activity in rodent and human brain tissue.
    9. Lactate receptor HCAR1 regulates cell growth, metastasis and maintenance of cancerspecific energy metabolism in breast cancer cells.
      Title: Lactate receptor HCAR1 regulates cell growth, metastasis and maintenance of cancer‑specific energy metabolism in breast cancer cells.
    10. The lactate sensor GPR81 regulates glycolysis and tumor growth of breast cancer.
      Title: The lactate sensor GPR81 regulates glycolysis and tumor growth of breast cancer.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (33)

    Phenotypes

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Variation

    Go to the top of the page Help

    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Genotypes

    Pathways from PubChem

    Go to the top of the page

    Interactions

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Markers

    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables G protein-coupled receptor activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in negative regulation of lipid catabolic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    is_active_in plasma membrane IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in plasma membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Preferred Names
    hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1
    Names
    G protein-coupled receptor 104
    G-protein coupled receptor 81
    T-cell activation G protein-coupled receptor
    hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 1
    lactate receptor 1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    Go to the top of the page Help

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_032554.4 → NP_115943.1  hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_115943.1

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC026333, AF345568
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS9236.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2R9X4, Q3Y5J3, Q4VBN1, Q6NXU5, Q9BXC0
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A4Y1JWP1
      Related
      ENSP00000389255.1, ENST00000432564.3
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd15201
      Location:16 → 289
      7tmA_HCAR1-3; hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors, member of the class A family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000012.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      122726076..122730844 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060936.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      122721458..122726228 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9BXC0.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9BXC0

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

    Chemical Information
    Molecular Biology Databases
    Research Materials
    Tools
    Miscellaneous