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    AKT2 AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 208, updated on 2-Nov-2024

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    AKT2provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    AKT serine/threonine kinase 2provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:392
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000105221 MIM:164731; AllianceGenome:HGNC:392
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    PKBB; PRKBB; HIHGHH; PKBBETA; RAC-BETA
    Summary
    This gene is a putative oncogene encoding a protein belonging to a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases containing SH2-like (Src homology 2-like) domains, which is involved in signaling pathways. The gene serves as an oncogene in the tumorigenesis of cancer cells For example, its overexpression contributes to the malignant phenotype of a subset of human ductal pancreatic cancers. The encoded protein is a general protein kinase capable of phophorylating several known proteins, and has also been implicated in insulin signaling. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2019]
    Expression
    Ubiquitous expression in thyroid (RPKM 30.9), fat (RPKM 28.8) and 25 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    See AKT2 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    19q13.2
    Exon count:
    14
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 19 NC_000019.10 (40230317..40285345, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 19 NC_060943.1 (43050812..43105845, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 19 NC_000019.9 (40736224..40791252, complement)

    Chromosome 19 - NC_000019.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40723159-40723749 Neighboring gene MED14-independent group 3 enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40725328-40726527 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40729726-40730925 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40732430-40732983 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10618 Neighboring gene tetratricopeptide repeat domain 9B Neighboring gene cyclin P Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40747987-40748488 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC107985289 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40757528-40758152 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40758153-40758776 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40760793-40761294 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40761295-40761794 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40762167-40762909 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40770063-40770648 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40770788-40771766 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 4564 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40774314-40775162 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 14642 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 14644 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 14643 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 14645 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 14646 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 14647 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10619 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40791573-40792404 Neighboring gene microRNA 641 Neighboring gene chromosome 19 open reading frame 47 Neighboring gene RNA, U6 small nuclear 945, pseudogene Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:40829016-40829516 Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak3483 silencer Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 7250 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10620 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 14648 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 14649 Neighboring gene phospholipase D family member 3 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr19:40873853-40874018 Neighboring gene microRNA 6796

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Expression

    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?

    Phenotypes

    Associated conditions

    Description Tests
    Hypoinsulinemic hypoglycemia and body hemihypertrophy
    MedGen: C3278384 OMIM: 240900 GeneReviews: Not available
    Compare labs
    Type 2 diabetes mellitus
    MedGen: C0011860 OMIM: 125853 GeneReviews: WFS1 Spectrum Disorder
    Compare labs

    Copy number response

    Description
    Copy number response
    Haploinsufficency

    No evidence available (Last evaluated 2015-05-07)

    ClinGen Genome Curation Page
    Triplosensitivity

    No evidence available (Last evaluated 2015-05-07)

    ClinGen Genome Curation Page

    HIV-1 interactions

    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env HIV-1 gp120 upregulates the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 via the p38 signaling pathway and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in astrocytes PubMed
    env HIV-1 gp120 activates AKT, ERK1/2, and p38 signaling in tonsil CD4+ T cells. Soluble CD4 inhibits AKT and ERK1/2 activation, but enhances phosphorylation of p38 PubMed
    env Pre-treatment of endothelial cells with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) protects cells from HIV-1 gp120 angiotoxicity; this protection is regulated by crosstalk among the ERK, PI3K-AKT and PKC signaling pathways PubMed
    env Gp120-mediated activation of caspase-3 is significantly reduced in cells pretreated with PDGF-B. PDGF-mediated protection against gp120 involves the phosphoinositide (PI)3-kinase/Akt pathway PubMed
    env Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and erythropoietin treatment protect against HIV/gp120-mediated neuronal damage in culture and in vivo, in part, through cooperative activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/GSK-3beta signaling PubMed
    env HIV-1 gp120 induced cell death is inhibited by a CCR5-mediated neuroprotective pathway that involves protein kinase Akt/PKB as an essential component and can be triggered by the CCR5 agonists MIP-1beta and RANTES PubMed
    env CD45 modulates HIV-1 gp120-induced apoptosis by regulating Fas ligand induction and activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway PubMed
    env Fractalkine (CX3CL1) protects hippocampal neurons from the neurotoxicity induced by the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120, and neuronal CX(3)CR1 receptors and Akt activation are responsible for the neuroprotective effects of fractalkine PubMed
    env HIV-1 gp120 downregulates expression of c-Myc, Max, and 14-3-3epsilon proteins, and decreases phosphorylation of ATP-dependent tyrosine kinases (Akt) at Ser-473 in human mesangial cells (HMC) PubMed
    Nef nef HIV-1 Nef synergizes with KSHV oncoprotein K1 to activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and induces cell proliferation and microtubule formation in endothelial cells PubMed
    nef Knockdown of AKT2 and AKT3 by siRNA shows significant reduction of CCL5 levels, suggesting that AKT2 and AKT3 proteins are involved in Nef-mediated upregulation of CCL5 PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef induces phosphorylation of MEK1 at position serine 298, which depends on Pak and Rac activity PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef synergizes with IL-6 to activate the AKT pathway promoting angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in a chicken chorioallantoic membrane model and nude mice PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef synergizes with IL-6 to enhance vascular tube formation, cell proliferation, VEGF expression, and phosphorylated AKT activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells PubMed
    nef Incubation of human macrophages with exogenous HIV-1 Nef protein induces phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3ss, and promotes IL-10 release PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef decreases levels of AKT phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated adipocytes PubMed
    Tat tat HIV-1 Tat-mediated upregulation of CCL5 involves JAK2/3, AKT2/3, p38delta, NF-kappaB (p65/p50), C/EBP alpha/gamma, and AP-1 proteins PubMed
    tat Treatment with HIV-Tat and morphine activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), upregulates p53 and p21 levels, and downregulates cyclin D1 and Akt levels in human fetal brain-derived neural precursor cells PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat induces phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, PTEN, and GSK-3beta activating PI3K and AKT and inactivating PTEN and GSK-3beta in vIL-6 expressing cells PubMed
    tat PI3K/Akt, TRPC, and GSK3beta signaling pathways are all involved in PDGF-C mediated neuroprotection against HIV-1 Tat in human neuroblastoma cells PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat activates AKT kinase through activation of PI3 kinase, resulting in the protection of cells from apoptosis PubMed
    tat Lancemaside A1 inhibits the movement of Akt to the plasma membrane, a critical step for Akt activation, and Compound K inhibits Akt phosphorylation in Tat-expressing CHME5 cells PubMed
    tat PDGF-BB-mediated protection against HIV-1 Tat and morphine-induced neuron apoptosis involves Akt activation PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat inhibits autophagy in bystander macrophages/monocytic cells through Tat-mediated activation and phosphorylation of Src-Akt signaling PubMed
    tat Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway is involved in HIV-1 Tat-induced NADPH oxidase stimulation and LTR transactivation PubMed
    tat A Coumarin derivative BPRHIV001 modulates Tat function through a reduction of the p300 protein level and a concordant reduction of phosphorylated Akt PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat in combination with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha increases CXCL10 mRNA and protein in human astrocytes through the activation of the p38, Jnk, and Akt signaling pathways and their downstream transcription factors, NF-kappaB and STAT-1alpha PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat in combination with KSHV kaposin A activates the MEK/ERK, STAT3, and PI3K/Akt signals in NIH3T3 cells PubMed
    tat Pro-survival effects of intracellular HIV-1 Tat in a microglial cell line is attributed to activation of the PI-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway via decreasing expression of PTEN, a negative regulator of the PI-3-K pathway PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat downregulates CREB transcription factor expression in PC12 neuronal cells through activation of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/cyclic nucleoside phosphodiesterase pathway PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat upregulates several anti-apoptotic genes, including AKT-1, AKT-2, BCL2, BCL-XL, and insulin-like growth factor I in vincristine-treated Kaposi's sarcoma cells PubMed
    Vpr vpr HIV-1 Vpr-induced upregulation of CCL5 requires p50 and p65 subunits of NFKB1 (NF-kappa-B), p38delta MAPK, Akt-2 and Akt-3, and AP-1 transcription factor in HIV-1 Vpr transfected astrocytes PubMed
    vpr PI3K/Akt mediated activation of NFKB1 (NF-kappa-B) is involved in HIV-1 Vpr induced upregulation of CXCL8 (IL8) in astrocytes PubMed
    vpr PI3K/Akt mediated activation of NFKB1 (NF-kappa-B) is involved in HIV-1 Vpr induced upregulation of IL6 in astrocytes PubMed
    vpr HIV-1 Vpr-induced downregulation of sodium hydrogen exchanger, isoform 1 (NHE1), in Vpr(+) virus infected cells leads to acidification of cells, loss of ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM) protein complex and decrease of AKT phosphorylation PubMed
    vpr HIV-1 Vpr inhibits Akt-induced cytoplasmic translocation of Foxo3a, a subtype of the forkhead transcription factors PubMed
    matrix gag HIV-1 p17 induces capillary-like structures in human endothelial cells by binding to CXCR1 and CXCR2, which requires activation of the Akt-dependent ERK signaling pathway PubMed
    gag HIV-1 p17 and its C-terminal truncated form of p17 (p17delta36) differentially regulate Akt phosphorylation by reducing and increasing phosphorylation levels of PTEN, respectively PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Markers

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables ATP binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables histone H2AS1 kinase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    enables metal ion binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    enables molecular function activator activity EXP
    Inferred from Experiment
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein serine kinase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in cellular response to high light intensity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to insulin stimulus IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in chromatin remodeling IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in fat cell differentiation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in glucose metabolic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in glycogen biosynthetic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in insulin receptor signaling pathway IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in insulin receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in intracellular signal transduction IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of long-chain fatty acid import across plasma membrane IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in peripheral nervous system myelin maintenance IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of D-glucose import IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of cap-dependent translational initiation IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of cell migration IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of cell motility IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of glucose metabolic process IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of protein targeting to membrane ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in protein localization to plasma membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in protein modification process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in protein phosphorylation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in protein stabilization IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of cell cycle TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of cell migration TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in retinal rod cell apoptotic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in signal transduction TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in cell cortex ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    located_in cytoplasm IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in cytosol IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
     
    located_in cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in early endosome IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    located_in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
     
    located_in nucleoplasm IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
     
    located_in nucleoplasm TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in nucleus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in nucleus TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in plasma membrane ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    located_in plasma membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in ruffle membrane ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase
    Names
    PKB beta
    RAC-PK-beta
    murine thymoma viral (v-akt) homolog-2
    protein kinase Akt-2
    protein kinase B beta
    putative v-akt murine thymoma viral oncoprotein 2
    rac protein kinase beta
    v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2
    NP_001229956.1
    NP_001229957.1
    NP_001317440.1
    NP_001617.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_012038.2 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5014..60042
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics), LRG_1391

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001243027.3 → NP_001229956.1  RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001229956.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR, contains an alternate splice site in the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at a downstream AUG. This results in a protein (isoform 2) with a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1. Variants 2 and 3 encode isoform 2.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC118344, AK122839, AK294453, BM675176, CN351354, KC877734
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B3KP61, B4DG79
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      cd05595
      Location:94 → 416
      STKc_PKB_beta; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Protein Kinase B beta (also called Akt2)
      smart00220
      Location:90 → 347
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain
      cl17171
      Location:1 → 49
      PH-like; Pleckstrin homology-like domain
    2. NM_001243028.3 → NP_001229957.1  RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001229957.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks an alternate exon in the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at a downstream AUG. This results in a protein (isoform 2) with a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1. Variants 2 and 3 encode isoform 2.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC118344, AK122839, AK308006, BM675176, CN351354, KC877734
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B3KP61, B4DG79
      Related
      ENSP00000471369.1, ENST00000579047.5
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      cd05595
      Location:94 → 416
      STKc_PKB_beta; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Protein Kinase B beta (also called Akt2)
      smart00220
      Location:90 → 347
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain
      cl17171
      Location:1 → 49
      PH-like; Pleckstrin homology-like domain
    3. NM_001330511.1 → NP_001317440.1  RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform 4

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC118344, BC120995, KC877734
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS82350.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A0U4CQG9
      Related
      ENSP00000309428.6, ENST00000311278.10
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd01241
      Location:4 → 111
      PH_PKB; Protein Kinase B-like pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
      cl21453
      Location:156 → 435
      PKc_like; Protein Kinases, catalytic domain
    4. NM_001626.6 → NP_001617.1  RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001617.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      AC118344, AK122839, BC040028, BC120994, BM675176, KC877734
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS12552.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2RBD8, P31751, Q05BV0, Q0VAN0, Q0VAN1, Q68GC0
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A0U4CQG9
      Related
      ENSP00000375892.2, ENST00000392038.7
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd05595
      Location:156 → 478
      STKc_PKB_beta; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Protein Kinase B beta (also called Akt2)
      cd01241
      Location:4 → 111
      PH_PKB; Protein Kinase B-like pleckstrin homology (PH) domain

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000019.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      40230317..40285345 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060943.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      43050812..43105845 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)