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    PACRG parkin coregulated [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 135138, updated on 2-Nov-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    PACRGprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    parkin coregulatedprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:19152
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000112530 MIM:608427; AllianceGenome:HGNC:19152
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    GLUP; pf12; BUG21; PACRG2.1; PARK2CRG; HAK005771
    Summary
    This gene encodes a protein that is conserved across metazoans. In vertebrates, this gene is linked in a head-to-head arrangement with the adjacent parkin gene, which is associated with autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease. These genes are co-regulated in various tissues and they share a bi-directional promoter. Both genes are associated with susceptibility to leprosy. The parkin co-regulated gene protein forms a large molecular complex with chaperones, including heat shock proteins 70 and 90, and chaperonin components. This protein is also a component of Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease patients, and it suppresses unfolded Pael receptor-induced neuronal cell death. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
    Expression
    Low expression observed in reference dataset See more
    Orthologs
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    Genomic context

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    See PACRG in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    6q26
    Exon count:
    22
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 6 NC_000006.12 (162727132..163315500)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 6 NC_060930.1 (164090091..164679096)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 6 NC_000006.11 (163148164..163736532)

    Chromosome 6 - NC_000006.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105369171 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162888287-162888788 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162909371-162909872 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162952273-162953090 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162963903-162964402 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162967043-162967544 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162967545-162968044 Neighboring gene keratin 8 pseudogene 44 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163135428-163135928 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr6:163148405-163148626 Neighboring gene tRNA-Glu (TTC) 15-1 Neighboring gene VISTA enhancer hs1358 Neighboring gene CDK7 strongly-dependent group 2 enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163385553-163386752 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163415840-163416477 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein L34 pseudogene 15 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163504027-163504596 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163520272-163521085 Neighboring gene PACRG antisense RNA 2 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163602019-163602599 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163607166-163607736 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105378095 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124901548 Neighboring gene PACRG antisense RNA 3 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163711905-163712411 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163712412-163712917 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163730307-163731506 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163742616-163743116 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163756229-163757042 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC401282 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163762485-163762985 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 3851 Neighboring gene PACRG antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein L37a pseudogene 4

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Doublet microtubule inner junction protein FAP20 recruits tubulin to the microtubule lattice. Bangera M, et al. Structure, 2023 Dec 7. PMID 37816351, Free PMC Article
    2. Parkin Co-Regulated Gene (PACRG) is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasomal system and is present in the pathological features of Parkinsonian diseases. Taylor JM, et al. Neurobiol Dis, 2007 Aug. PMID 17590346
    3. Parkin co-regulated gene is involved in aggresome formation and autophagy in response to proteasomal impairment. Taylor JM, et al. Exp Cell Res, 2012 Oct 1. PMID 22652456
    4. Analysis of PArkin Co-Regulated Gene in a Taiwanese-ethnic Chinese cohort with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Taylor JM, et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2009 Jul. PMID 19196541
    5. Molecular analysis of the PArkin co-regulated gene and association with male infertility. Wilson GR, et al. Fertil Steril, 2010 May 1. PMID 19268936

    See all (50) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Crystal structure of human PACRG in complex with MEIG1 reveals roles in axoneme formation and tubulin binding.
      Title: Crystal structure of human PACRG in complex with MEIG1 reveals roles in axoneme formation and tubulin binding.
    2. Associations of PRKN-PACRG SNPs and G x G and G x E interactions with the risk of hyperlipidaemia.
      Title: Associations of PRKN-PACRG SNPs and G × G and G × E interactions with the risk of hyperlipidaemia.
    3. The parkin-coregulated gene product PACRG promotes TNF signaling by stabilizing LUBAC.
      Title: The parkin-coregulated gene product PACRG promotes TNF signaling by stabilizing LUBAC.
    4. Mapping of the PARK2 and PACRG gene regulatory region with 96 SNPs, with a resolution of 1 SNP per 1 Kb for PARK2 gene regulatory region in a North Indian population, showed an involvement of 11 SNPs in determining the susceptibility towards leprosy.
      Title: Mapping of PARK2 and PACRG overlapping regulatory region reveals LD structure and functional variants in association with leprosy in unrelated indian population groups.
    5. PARK2 and PACRG are commonly downregulated in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma and are associated with aggressive disease and poor clinical outcome.
      Title: PARK2 and PACRG are commonly downregulated in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma and are associated with aggressive disease and poor clinical outcome.
    6. conducted high-density association mapping of PARK2/PACRG SNPs with leprosy and identified 69 SNPs significantly associated with leprosy in 198 single-case Vietnamese leprosy families
      Title: Linkage disequilibrium pattern and age-at-diagnosis are critical for replicating genetic associations across ethnic groups in leprosy.
    7. Elevated levels of PACRG result in increased neuronal autophagy.
      Title: Parkin co-regulated gene is involved in aggresome formation and autophagy in response to proteasomal impairment.
    8. single nucleotide polymorphisms of PARK2 with leprosy susceptibility in Chinese population
      Title: Association study of the single nucleotide polymorphisms of PARK2 and PACRG with leprosy susceptibility in Chinese population.
    9. the association of polymorphisms rs9356058 and rs1040079 in gene PARK2/PACRG with leprosy
      Title: Leprosy epidemics during history increased protective allele frequency of PARK2/PACRG genes in the population of the Mljet Island, Croatia.
    10. Clinical trial of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
      Title: Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (23)

    Phenotypes

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    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Variation

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    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • FLJ32724

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables G protein-coupled receptor binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables Hsp70 protein binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables Hsp70 protein binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables Hsp90 protein binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables Hsp90 protein binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables actin binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables alpha-tubulin binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables beta-tubulin binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables heat shock protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein-folding chaperone binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables ubiquitin protein ligase binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in cellular response to unfolded protein TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in flagellated sperm motility IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in protein localization IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in spermatid development IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in axonemal B tubule inner sheath IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in axonemal microtubule IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in axonemal microtubule ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    located_in cell body IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in cytosol IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in cytosol IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in manchette IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in neuron projection IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in neuron projection IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in nucleus HDA PubMed 
    located_in sperm midpiece IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in vesicle IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in vesicle IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    parkin coregulated gene protein
    Names
    PARK2 co-regulated
    PARK2 coregulated
    molecular chaperone/chaperonin-binding protein
    parkin co-regulated gene protein

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_011525.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5843..593369
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001080378.2 → NP_001073847.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001073847.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate in-frame exon, compared to variant 1, resulting in a shorter protein (isoform 2), compared to isoform 1. Both variants 2 and 3 encode the same isoform.
      Source sequence(s)
      AL031121, AP001576, BC044227
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS43524.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q96M98
      Related
      ENSP00000355855.2, ENST00000366889.6
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 253
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    2. NM_001080379.2 → NP_001073848.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001073848.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an exon at its 5' end and an in-frame internal exon, compared to variant 1. These differences produce a unique 5' UTR and a protein (isoform 2) that is shorter than isoform 1. Both variants 2 and 3 encode the same isoform.
      Source sequence(s)
      AF546872, AL031121, BC044227
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS43524.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q96M98
      Related
      ENSP00000355854.2, ENST00000366888.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 253
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    3. NM_152410.3 → NP_689623.2  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_689623.2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      AK057286, AL031121, AL354942, BC044227
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS5284.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      E1P5B5, Q6IMB8, Q8IZM1, Q8NHP5, Q96M98, Q9H1V9
      Related
      ENSP00000337946.3, ENST00000337019.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 292
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000006.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      162727132..163315500
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_017010277.3 → XP_016865766.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    2. XM_017010275.3 → XP_016865764.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    3. XM_017010279.3 → XP_016865768.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    4. XM_017010278.3 → XP_016865767.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    5. XM_047418208.1 → XP_047274164.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X5

    6. XM_011535461.4 → XP_011533763.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X4

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 227
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    7. XM_011535462.4 → XP_011533764.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X2

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 205
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    8. XM_011535468.3 → XP_011533770.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X12

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 204
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    9. XM_006715344.5 → XP_006715407.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X6

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 204
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    10. XM_006715345.5 → XP_006715408.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X10

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 204
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    11. XM_011535469.3 → XP_011533771.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X13

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 204
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    12. XM_005266826.6 → XP_005266883.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X11

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 204
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    13. XM_005266825.6 → XP_005266882.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X8

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 204
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    14. XM_017010276.3 → XP_016865765.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    15. XM_017010280.3 → XP_016865769.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X3

    16. XM_011535466.2 → XP_011533768.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X9

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 204
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    17. XM_011535471.3 → XP_011533773.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X14

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam10274
      Location:70 → 97
      ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

    18. XM_017010281.3 → XP_016865770.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X7

    19. XM_017010282.3 → XP_016865771.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X7

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060930.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      164090091..164679096
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054354283.1 → XP_054210258.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    2. XM_054354282.1 → XP_054210257.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    3. XM_054354284.1 → XP_054210259.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    4. XM_054354285.1 → XP_054210260.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    5. XM_054354286.1 → XP_054210261.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    6. XM_054354290.1 → XP_054210265.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X5

    7. XM_054354289.1 → XP_054210264.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X4

    8. XM_054354287.1 → XP_054210262.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X2

    9. XM_054354298.1 → XP_054210273.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X12

    10. XM_054354291.1 → XP_054210266.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X6

    11. XM_054354296.1 → XP_054210271.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X10

    12. XM_054354299.1 → XP_054210274.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X13

    13. XM_054354297.1 → XP_054210272.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X11

    14. XM_054354294.1 → XP_054210269.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X8

    15. XM_054354281.1 → XP_054210256.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

    16. XM_054354288.1 → XP_054210263.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X3

    17. XM_054354295.1 → XP_054210270.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X9

    18. XM_054354300.1 → XP_054210275.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X14

    19. XM_054354292.1 → XP_054210267.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X7

    20. XM_054354293.1 → XP_054210268.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X7

    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q96M98.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q96M98

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