Increasing albuminuria is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with and without diabetes. (A, B) All-cause mortality. (C, D) Cardiovascular mortality. Panels A and C use one reference point (diamond, ACR of 5 mg/g in the no diabetes group), for both individuals with and without hypertension to show the main effect of diabetes on risk. Panels B and D use separate references (diamonds) in the diabetes and no diabetes groups to assess interaction with diabetes specifically. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking, history of cardiovascular disease, serum total cholesterol concentration, body-mass index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Blue and red circles denote p<0.05 as compared with the reference (diamond). Significant interaction between diabetes and ACR is shown by x signs. ACR=albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Reproduced from Fox et al. 2012 (254), Copyright 2012, with permission from Elsevier.
From: Diabetic Kidney Disease
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