U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). Behavioral Health Services for People Who Are Homeless. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2013. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 55.)

Cover of Behavioral Health Services for People Who Are Homeless

Behavioral Health Services for People Who Are Homeless.

Show details

General Bibliography

  • Acosta O, Toro PA. Let’s ask the homeless people themselves: A needs assessment based on a probability sample of adults. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2000;28:343–366. [PubMed: 10945121]
  • Adams N, Grieder D. Treatment planning for person-centered care: The road to mental health and addiction recovery. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005.
  • Aidala A, Cross JE, Stall R, Harre D, Sumartojo E. Housing status and HIV risk behaviors: Implications for prevention and policy. AIDS and Behavior. 2005;9:251–265. [PubMed: 16088369]
  • Alemagno SA, Cochran D, Feucht TE, Stephens RC, Butts JM, Wolfe SA. Assessing substance abuse treatment needs among the homeless: A telephone-based interactive voice response system. American Journal of Public Health. 1996;86:1626–1628. [PMC free article: PMC1380702] [PubMed: 8916533]
  • Alford DP, LaBelle CT, Richardson JM, O’Connell JJ, Hohl CA, Cheng DM, et al. Treating homeless opioid dependent patients with buprenorphine in an office-based setting. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2007;22:171–176. [PMC free article: PMC1824722] [PubMed: 17356982]
  • Alimohamed-Janmohamed S, Charvat M, Gheytanchi A, Beutler LE, Breckenridge J. Point of entry and functional impairment as predictors of treatment amount and cost for patients with mental illness and substance abuse disorders in Santa Barbara County Mental Health Services. Psychological Services. 2010;7:44–56.
  • Aliotta SL, Vlasnik JJ, Delor B. Enhancing adherence to long-term medical therapy: A new approach to assessing and treating patients. Advances in Therapy. 2004;21:214–231. [PubMed: 15605616]
  • Allen CK. Allen Cognitive Level Screen. Colchester, CT: S&S Worldwide; 1997.
  • Allen DM, Lehman JS, Green TA, Lindegren ML, Onorato IM, Forrester W. HIV infection among homeless adults and runaway youth, United States, 1989–1992. Field Services Branch. AIDS. 1994;8:1593–1598. [PubMed: 7848596]
  • Amarasingham R, Spalding SH, Anderson RJ. Disease conditions most frequently evaluated among the homeless in Dallas. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2001;12:162–176. [PubMed: 11370185]
  • American Association of Community Psychiatrists. LOCUS—Level of Care Utilization System, Psychiatric and Addiction Services. Adult version. Dallas, TX: Author; 2000.
  • American Association of Community Psychiatrists. AACP position statement: Representative payeeships. Dallas, TX: Author; 2002.
  • American Bar Association Commission on Homelessness and Poverty. Taking the court to the streets: A national conference on homeless courts: A collaborative effort to assist homeless people, strengthen communities and maximize court resources, October 8, 2004; San Diego, CA: Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice; 2004.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. text revision.
  • Andia JF, Deren S, Kang SY, Robles RR, Colon HM, Oliver-Velez D, et al. Residential status and HIV risk behaviors among Puerto Rican drug injectors in New York and Puerto Rico. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2001;27:719–735. [PubMed: 11727885]
  • Appel PW, Hoffman JH, Blane HT, Frank B, Oldak R, Burke M. Comparison of self-report and hair analysis in detecting cocaine use in a homeless/transient sample. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2001;33:47–55. [PubMed: 11333001]
  • Applewhite SL. Homeless veterans: Perspectives on social services use. Social Work. 1997;42:19–30. [PubMed: 9009886]
  • Arangua L, Andersen R, Gelberg L. The health circumstances of homeless women in the United States. International Journal of Mental Health. 2005;34:62–92.
  • Arkowitz H. Motivational interviewing in the treatment of psychological problems. New York: Guilford Press; 2008.
  • Arnold EM, Rotheram-Borus MJ. Comparisons of prevention programs for homeless youth. Prevention Science. 2009;10:76–86. [PMC free article: PMC4028969] [PubMed: 19067164]
  • Arnsten JH, Reid K, Bierer M, Rigotti N. Smoking behavior and interest in quitting among homeless smokers. Addictive Behaviors. 2004;29:1155–1161. [PubMed: 15236817]
  • Asch S, Leake B, Knowles L, Gelberg L. Tuberculosis in homeless patients: Potential for case finding in public emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1998;32:144–147. [PubMed: 9701295]
  • Ashman JJ, Perez-Jimenez D, Marconi K. Health and support service utilization patterns of American Indians and Alaska Natives diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Education & Prevention. 2004;16:238–249. [PubMed: 15237053]
  • Azrin NH, Flores T, Kaplan SJ. Job-finding club: A group-assisted program for obtaining employment. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1975;13:17–27.
  • Babor TF, McRee BG, Kassebaum PA, Grimaldi PL, Ahmed K, Bray J. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT): Toward a public health approach to the management of substance abuse. Substance Abuse. 2007;28:7–30. [PubMed: 18077300]
  • Backer TE, Howard EA. Cognitive impairments and the prevention of homelessness: Research and practice review. Journal of Primary Prevention. 2007;28:375–388. [PubMed: 17549638]
  • Backer TE, Howard EA, Moran GE. The role of effective discharge planning in preventing homelessness. Journal of Primary Prevention. 2007;28:229–243. [PubMed: 17557206]
  • Baer JS, Kivlahan DR, Donovan DM. Integrating skills training and motivational therapies: Implications for the treatment of substance dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1999;17:15–23. [PubMed: 10435249]
  • Baggett TP, O’Connell JJ, Singer DE, Rigotti NA. The unmet health care needs of homeless adults: A national study. American Journal of Public Health. 2010;100:1326–1333. [PMC free article: PMC2882397] [PubMed: 20466953]
  • Ball SA, Cobb-Richardson P, Connolly AJ, Bujosa CT, O’Neall TW. Substance abuse and personality disorders in homeless drop-in center clients: Symptom severity and psychotherapy retention in a randomized clinical trial. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2005;46:371–379. [PubMed: 16122538]
  • Barrow S, Rodriguez GS, Córdova P. Final report on the evaluation of the Closer to Home Initiative. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2004.
  • Barrow SM, Herman DB, Cordova P, Struening EL. Mortality among homeless shelter residents in New York City. American Journal of Public Health. 1999;89:529–534. [PMC free article: PMC1508869] [PubMed: 10191796]
  • Barrow SM, Lawinski T. Contexts of mother-child separations in homeless families. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. 2009;9:157–176.
  • Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Tarrier N, Lewis SW, Moring J, O’Brien R, et al. Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:1706–1713. [PubMed: 11579006]
  • Bassuk EL, Buckner JC, Perloff JN, Bassuk SS. Prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders among homeless and low-income housed mothers. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155:1561–1564. [PubMed: 9812118]
  • Bassuk EL, Geller S. The role of housing and services in ending family homelessness. Housing Policy Debate. 2006;17:781–806.
  • Bassuk EL, Huntington N, Amey CH, Lampereur K. Family permanent supportive housing: Preliminary research on family characteristics, program models, and outcomes. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2006.
  • Bassuk EL, Paquette K, Gillis LM. Special section on parenting and homelessness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:291. [PubMed: 19839665]
  • Batra P, Chertok JS, Fisher CE, Manseau MW, Manuelli VN, Spears J. The Columbia-Harlem Homeless Medical Partnership: A new model for learning in the service of those in medical need. Journal of Urban Health. 2009;86:781–790. [PMC free article: PMC2729872] [PubMed: 19585243]
  • Bebout RR. Housing solutions: The Community Connections Housing Program: Preventing homelessness by integrating housing and supports. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1999;17:93–112.
  • Bebout RR, Drake RE, Xie H, McHugo GJ, Harris M. Housing status among formerly homeless dually diagnosed adults. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48:936–941. [PubMed: 9219303]
  • Beck SK, Trutko JW, Isbell K, Rothstein F, Barnow BS. Employment and training for America’s homeless: Best practices guide. Washington, DC: Education Resources Information Center; 1997.
  • Beechem MH. Special populations. In: Beechem M, editor. Elderly alcoholism: Intervention strategies. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 2002. pp. 68–84.
  • Benda BB. Predictors of rehospitalization of military veterans who abuse substances. Social Work Research. 2001;25:199–212.
  • Benda BB. Discriminators of suicide thoughts and attempts among homeless veterans who abuse substances. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2003;33:430–442. [PubMed: 14695057]
  • Benda BB. Gender differences in the rehospitalization of substance abusers among homeless military veterans. Journal of Drug Issues. 2004;34:723–750.
  • Benda BB. Life-course theory of readmission of substance abusers among homeless veterans. Psychiatric Services. 2004;55:1308–1310. [PubMed: 15534023]
  • Benda BB. A study of substance abuse, traumata, and social support systems among homeless veterans. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 2005;12:59–82.
  • Benda BB, Rodell DE, Rodell L. Crime among homeless military veterans who abuse substances. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2003;26:332–345. [PubMed: 12739904]
  • Benda BB, Rodell DE, Rodell L. Homeless alcohol/other drug abusers: Discriminators of non-offenders, nuisance offenders, and felony offenders. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 2003;21:59–80.
  • Bennett JB, Scholler-Jaquish A. The winner’s group: A self-help group for homeless chemically dependent persons. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1995;33:14–19. [PubMed: 7623297]
  • Bentley A. The psychological effects of homelessness and their impact on the development of a counselling relationship. Counselling Psychology Quarterly. 1997;10:195–210.
  • Bernstein J, Bernstein E, Tassiopoulos K, Heeren T, Levenson S, Hingson R. Brief motivational intervention at a clinic visit reduces cocaine and heroin use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2005;77:49–59. [PubMed: 15607841]
  • Bhui K, Shanahan L, Harding G. Homelessness and mental illness: A literature review and a qualitative study of perceptions of the adequacy of care. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2006;52:152–165. [PubMed: 16615247]
  • Bickley H, Kapur N, Hunt IM, Robinson J, Meehan J, Parsons R, et al. Suicide in the homeless within12 months of contact with mental health services: A national clinical survey in the UK. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2006;41:686–691. [PubMed: 16779501]
  • Bird CE, Jinnett KJ, Burnam MA, Koegel P, Sullivan G, Wenzel SL, et al. Predictors of contact with public service sectors among homeless adults with and without alcohol and other drug disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2002;63:716–725. [PubMed: 12529072]
  • Blanchon T, Boissonnas A, Varescon I, Vidal-Trecan G. Homelessness and high-dosage buprenorphine misuse. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003;38:429–442. [PubMed: 12747392]
  • Blankertz L, White KK. Implementation of rehabilitation program for dually diagnosed homeless. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1990;7:149–164.
  • Blankertz LE, Cnaan RA. Serving the dually diagnosed homeless: Program development and interventions. Journal of Mental Health Administration. 1993;20:100–112. [PubMed: 10171526]
  • Blankertz LE, Cnaan RA, Saunders M. Assessing the impact of serving the long-term mentally disabled homeless. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare. 1992;19:199–220.
  • Boisvert RA, Martin LM, Grosek M, Clarie AJ. Effectiveness of a peer-support community in addiction recovery: Participation as intervention. Occupational Therapy International. 2008;15:205–220. [PubMed: 18844242]
  • Bonin E, Brammer S, Brehove T, Hale A, Hines L, Kline S, et al. Adapting your practice: Treatment and recommendations on reproductive health care for homeless patients. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2003.
  • Bonin E, Brehove T, Kline S, Migen M, Post P, Strehlow AJ, et al. Adapting your practice: General recommendations for the care of homeless patients. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2004.
  • Bonin JP, Fournier L, Blais R. A typology of mentally disordered users of resources for homeless people: Towards better planning of mental health services. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. 2009;36:223–235. [PubMed: 19214733]
  • Booth BM, Sullivan G, Koegel P, Burnam A. Vulnerability factors for homelessness associated with substance dependence in a community sample of homeless adults. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2002;28:429–452. [PubMed: 12211359]
  • Booth RE, Zhang Y. Severe aggression and related conduct problems among runaway and homeless adolescents. Psychiatric Services. 1996;47:75–80. [PubMed: 8925350]
  • Bourgois P. The moral economies of homeless heroin addicts: Confronting ethnography, HIV risk, and everyday violence in San Francisco shooting encampments. Substance Use & Misuse. 1998;33:2323–2351. [PubMed: 9758016]
  • Bourgois P, Lettiere M, Quesada J. Social misery and the sanctions of substance abuse: Confronting HIV risk among homeless heroin addicts in San Francisco. Social Problems. 1997;44:155–173.
  • Bousman CA, Twamley EW, Vella L, Gale M, Norman SB, Judd P, et al. Homelessness and neuropsychological impairment: Preliminary analysis of adults entering outpatient psychiatric treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2010;198:790–794. [PubMed: 21048468]
  • Bradford DW, Gaynes BN, Kim MM, Kaufman JS, Weinberger M. Can shelter-based interventions improve treatment engagement in homeless individuals with psychiatric and/or substance misuse disorders? A randomized controlled trial. Medical Care. 2005;43:763–768. [PubMed: 16034289]
  • Braine N, Des Jarlais DC, Goldblatt C, Zadoretzky C, Turner C. HIV risk behavior among amphetamine injectors at U.S. syringe exchange programs. AIDS Education and Prevention. 2005;17:515–524. [PubMed: 16398574]
  • Braucht GN, Reichardt CS, Geissler LJ, Bormann CA, Kwiatkowski CF, Kirby MW Jr. Effective services for homeless substance abusers. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:87–109. [PubMed: 8929935]
  • Breakey WR. Treating the homeless. Alcohol Health Research World. 1987;11:42–47. [PubMed: 10282497]
  • Breakey WR, Fischer PJ, Kramer M, Nestadt G, Romanoski AJ, Ross A, et al. Health and mental health problems of homeless men and women in Baltimore. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989;262:1352–1357. [PubMed: 2761036]
  • Breakey WR, Thompson JW. Mentally ill and homeless: Special programs for special needs. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers; 1997.
  • Brooks ME. Housing trust fund progress report 2002: Local responses to America’s housing needs. Frazier Park, CA: Housing Trust Fund Project Center for Community Change; 2002.
  • Brown LD, Wituk S, Meissen G. Mental health self-help: Consumer and family initiatives. New York: Springer Science + Business Media; 2010. Consumer-run drop-in centers: Current state and future directions; pp. 155–167.
  • Browne G, Hemsley M, John WS. Consumer perspectives on recovery: A focus on housing following discharge from hospital. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2008;17:402–409. [PubMed: 19128287]
  • Browning KK, Baker CJ, McNally GA, Wewers ME. Nursing research in tobacco use and special populations. Annual Review of Nursing Research. 2009;27:319–342. [PubMed: 20192110]
  • Brush BL, McGee EM. The Expanded Care for Healthy Outcomes (ECHO) project: Addressing the spiritual care needs of homeless men in recovery. Clinical Excellence for Nurse Practitioners. 1999;3:116–122. [PubMed: 10646400]
  • Brush BL, McGee EM. Evaluating the spiritual perspectives of homeless men in recovery. Applied Nursing Research. 2000;13:181–186. [PubMed: 11078783]
  • Buchholz JR, Malte CA, Calsyn DA, Baer JS, Nichol P, Kivlahan DR, et al. Associations of housing status with substance abuse treatment and service use outcomes among veterans. Psychiatric Services. 2010;61:698–706. [PubMed: 20592005]
  • Buhrich N, Teesson M. Impact of a psychiatric outreach service for homeless persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services. 1996;47:644–646. [PubMed: 8726495]
  • Bureau of Justice Assistance. Improving responses to people with mental illnesses: The essential elements of a mental health court. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs; 2007.
  • Burger GK, Yonker RD, Calsyn RJ, Morse GA, Klinkenberg WD. A confirmatory factor analysis of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in a homeless sample. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2003;12:192–196. [PMC free article: PMC6878287] [PubMed: 14657975]
  • Burnam MA, Morton SC, McGlynn EA, Petersen LP, Stecher BM, Hayes C, et al. An experimental evaluation of residential and nonresidential treatment for dually diagnosed homeless adults. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:111–134. [PubMed: 8929936]
  • Burns A, Robins A, Hodge M, Holmes A. Long-term homelessness in men with a psychosis: Limitation of services. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2009;18:126–132. [PubMed: 19290976]
  • Burns MN, Lehman KA, Milby JB, Wallace D, Schumacher JE. Do PTSD symptoms and course predict continued substance use for homeless individuals in contingency management for cocaine dependence? Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2010;48:588–598. [PMC free article: PMC2878926] [PubMed: 20363465]
  • Burns T. The rise and fall of assertive community treatment? International Review of Psychiatry. 2010;22:130–137. [PubMed: 20504053]
  • Burra TA, Stergiopoulos V, Rourke SB. A systematic review of cognitive deficits in homeless adults: Implications for service delivery. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2009;54:123–133. [PubMed: 19254443]
  • Burt M, Aron LY, Lee E, Valente J. Helping America’s homeless: Emergency shelter or affordable housing? Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press; 2001.
  • Burt MR. What will it take to end homelessness? Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press; 2001.
  • Burt MR, Anderson J. Program experiences in housing homeless people with serious mental illness. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2005.
  • Burt MR, Aron LY. America’s homeless II: Populations and services. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press; 2000.
  • Burt MR, Aron LY, Douglas T, Valente J, Lee E, Iwen B. Homelessness: Programs and the people they serve Summary report. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press; 1999.
  • Burt MR, Aron LY, Lee E, Valente J. Helping America’s homeless: Emergency shelter or affordable housing? Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press; 2001.
  • Burt MR, Carpenter J, Hall SG, Henderson KA, Rog DJ, Hornik JA, et al. Strategies for improving homeless people’s access to mainstream benefits and services. Washington, DC: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research; 2010.
  • Burt MR, Hedderson J, Zweig J, Ortiz MJ, Aron-Turnham L, Johnson SM. Strategies for reducing chronic street homelessness: Final report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research; 2004.
  • Burt MR, Pearson CL, Montgomery AE. Strategies for preventing homelessness. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research; 2005.
  • Burt MR, Pollack D, Sosland A, Mikelson KS, Drapa E, Greenwalt K, et al. Evaluation of continuums of care for homeless people: Final report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research; 2002.
  • Callaghan J, Vostanis P. Promoting the emotional well-being of children and adolescents and preventing their mental ill health: A handbook. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley; Publishers: 2004. Prevention of mental health problems in socially excluded children and young people: A model for mental health service provision; pp. 219–233.
  • Calsyn RJ, Klinkenberg WD, Morse GA, Lemming MR. Predictors of the working alliance in assertive community treatment. Community Mental Health Journal. 2006;42:161–175. [PubMed: 16408151]
  • Calsyn RJ, Morse GA, Klinkenberg WD, Lemming MR. Client outcomes and the working alliance in assertive community treatment programs. Care Management Journals. 2004;5:199–202. [PubMed: 16294572]
  • Calsyn RJ, Winter JP, Morse GA. Do consumers who have a choice of treatment have better outcomes? Community Mental Health Journal. 2000;36:149–160. [PubMed: 10800864]
  • Calsyn RJ, Yonker RD, Lemming MR, Morse GA, Klinkenberg WD. Impact of assertive community treatment and client characteristics on criminal justice outcomes in dual disorder homeless individuals. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health. 2005;15:236–248. [PubMed: 16575844]
  • Campbell J. Emerging research base of peer-run support programs. Lawrence, MA: National Empowerment Center; 2005.
  • Caplan B, Schutt RK, Turner WM, Goldfinger SM, Seidman LJ. Change in neurocognition by housing type and substance abuse among formerly homeless seriously mentally ill persons. Schizophrenia Research. 2006;83:77–86. [PubMed: 16504484]
  • Carr S, Murray R, Harrington Z, Oge J. Discharged residents’ satisfaction with transitional housing for the homeless. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1998;36:27–33. [PubMed: 9670118]
  • Carroll KM. Behavioral therapies for co-occurring substance use and mood disorders. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;56:778–784. [PMC free article: PMC3693566] [PubMed: 15556123]
  • Castellani B, Wedgeworth R, Wootton E, Rugle L. A bi-directional theory of addiction: Examining coping and the factors related to substance relapse. Addictive Behaviors. 1997;22:139–144. [PubMed: 9022880]
  • Castellani B, Wootton E, Rugle L, Wedgeworth R. Homelessness, negative affect, and coping among veterans with gambling problems who misused substances. Psychiatric Services. 1996;47:298–299. [PubMed: 8820555]
  • Caton CL, Dominguez B, Schanzer B, Hasin DS, Shrout PE, Felix A, et al. Risk factors for long-term homelessness: Findings from a longitudinal study of first-time homeless single adults. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95:1753–1759. [PMC free article: PMC1449432] [PubMed: 16131638]
  • Caton CL, Hasin D, Shrout PE, Opler LA, Hirshfield S, Dominguez B, et al. Risk factors for homelessness among indigent urban adults with no history of psychotic illness: A case-control study. American Journal of Public Health. 2000;90:258–263. [PMC free article: PMC1446149] [PubMed: 10667188]
  • Caton CLM, Wilkins C, Anderson J. Toward understanding homelessness: The 2007 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2007. People who experience long-term homelessness: Characteristics and interventions; pp. 4-1–4-44.
  • Cattan M, Tilford S. Mental health promotion: A lifespan approach. Maidenhead, England: McGraw Hill/Open University Press; 2006.
  • Center for Mental Health Services. Blueprint for change: Ending chronic homelessness for persons with serious mental illnesses and co-occurring substance use disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2003. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 04-3870.
  • Center for Mental Health Services. Work as a priority: A resource for employing people who have a serious mental illness and who are homeless. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2003. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 03-3834.
  • Center for Mental Health Services. Assertive community treatment. Evidence-based toolkit. Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services; 2008. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 08-4345.
  • Center for Mental Health Services & Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Refocusing upstream: Interim status report of the Center for Mental Health Services and Center for Substance Abuse Treatment collaborative program to prevent homelessness. Washington, DC: Center for Mental Health Services; 1999.
  • Center for Policy Research and Analysis, Treatment Research Institute. Integrating appropriate services for substance use conditions in health care settings: An issue brief on lessons learned and challenges ahead. Philadelphia: Treatment Research Institute; 2010.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Improving treatment for drug-exposed infants. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1993. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 5). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 95-3057.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Pregnant, substance-using women. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1993. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 2). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 93-1998.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Screening for infectious diseases among substance abusers. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1993. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 6). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 95-3060.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Simple screening instruments for outreach for alcohol and other drug abuse and infectious diseases. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1994. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 11). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 94-2094. [PubMed: 22514818]
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Alcohol and other drug screening of hospitalized trauma patients. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1995. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 16). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 95-3041.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Combining alcohol and other drug treatment with diversion for juveniles in the justice system. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1995. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 21). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 95-3051. [PubMed: 22514827]
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Developing State outcomes monitoring systems for alcohol and other drug abuse treatment. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1995. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 14). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 95-3031.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. The role and current status of patient placement criteria in the treatment of substance use disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1995. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 13). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 95-3021.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. The tuberculosis epidemic: Legal and ethical issues for alcohol and other drug abuse treatment providers. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1995. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 18). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 95-3047. [PubMed: 22514823]
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment drug courts: Integrating substance abuse treatment with legal case processing. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1996. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 23). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 96-3113. [PubMed: 22514829]
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. A guide to substance abuse services for primary care clinicians. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1997. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Ser ies 24). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 97-3139.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse treatment and domestic violence. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1997. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 25). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 97-3163.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Comprehensive case management for substance abuse treatment. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1998. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 27). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 98-3222.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Continuity of offender treatment for substance use disorders from institution to community. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1998. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 30). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 98-3245. [PubMed: 22514836]
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Naltrexone and alcoholism treatment. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1998. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 28). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 98-3206.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse among older adults. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1998. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 26). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 98-3179.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance use disorder treatment for people with physical and cognitive disabilities. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1998. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 29). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 98-3249.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Brief interventions and brief therapies for substance abuse. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1999. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 34). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 99-3353.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Enhancing motivation for change in substance abuse treatment. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1999. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 35). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 99-3354.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Screening and assessing adolescents for substance use disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1999. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 31). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 99-3282.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment of adolescents with substance use disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1999. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 32). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 99-3283.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment for stimulant use disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 1999. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 33). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 99-3296.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Integrating substance abuse treatment and vocational services. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2000. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 38). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 00-3470.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse treatment for persons with child abuse and neglect issues. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2000. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 36). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 00-3357.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse treatment for persons with HIV/AIDS. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2000. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 37). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 00-3459.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. A provider’s introduction to substance abuse treatment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2001. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3498.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Clinical guidelines for the use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2004. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 40). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 04-3939.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse treatment and family therapy. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2004. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 39). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 04-3957.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2005. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 43). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 05-4048.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse treatment for adults in the criminal justice system. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2005. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 44). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 05-4056.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse treatment for persons with co-occurring disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2005. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 42). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 05-3992.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse treatment: Group therapy. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2005. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 41). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 05-4056.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Detoxification and substance abuse treatment. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2006. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 45). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 06-4131.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse: Administrative issues in intensive outpatient treatment. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2006. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 46). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 06-4151.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse: Clinical issues in intensive outpatient treatment. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2006. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 47). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 06-4182.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. The epidemiology of co-occurring substance use and mental disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and Center for Mental Health Services; 2007. (COCE Overview Paper 8). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 07-4308.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Managing depressive symptoms in substance abuse clients during early recovery. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2008. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 48). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 08-4353. [PubMed: 22514854]
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Addressing suicidal thoughts and behaviors in substance abuse treatment. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2009. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 50). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 09-4381.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Clinical supervision and the professional development of the substance abuse counselor. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2009. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 52). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 09-4435.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Incorporating alcohol pharmacotherapies into medical practice. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2009. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 49). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 09-4380.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance abuse treatment: Addressing the specific needs of women. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2009. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 51). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 09-4426.
  • Chantarujikapong SI, Smith EM, Fox LW. Comparison of the alcohol dependence scale and diagnostic interview schedule in homeless women. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1997;21:586–595. [PubMed: 9194909]
  • Cheng AL, Kelly PJ. Impact of an integrated service system on client outcomes by gender in a national sample of a mentally ill homeless population. Gender Medicine. 2008;5:395–404. [PubMed: 19108812]
  • Cheng AL, Lin H, Kasprow W, Rosenheck RA. Impact of supported housing on clinical outcomes: Analysis of a randomized trial using multiple imputation technique. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2007;195:83–88. [PMC free article: PMC3073142] [PubMed: 17220745]
  • Cheung AM, Hwang SW. Risk of death among homeless women: A cohort study and review of the literature. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2004;170:1243–1247. [PMC free article: PMC385354] [PubMed: 15078846]
  • Cheung RC, Hanson AK, Maganti K, Keeffe EB, Matsui SM. Viral hepatitis and other infectious diseases in a homeless population. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002;34:476–480. [PubMed: 11907367]
  • Chiesa J, Pitcher C. Substance abuse and assault victimization among the homeless. Drug Policy Research Center Newsletter, June 2000. 2000:3–4.
  • Chinman MJ, Rosenheck R, Lam JA. The development of relationships between people who are homeless and have a mental disability and their case managers. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 1999;23:47–55.
  • Chinman M, Young AS, Hassell J, Davidson L. Toward the implementation of mental health consumer provider services. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2006;33:176–195. [PubMed: 16645906]
  • Christensen RC. Psychiatric street outreach to homeless people: Fostering relationship, reconnection, and recovery. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2009;20:1036–1040. [PubMed: 20168015]
  • Christensen RC, Hodgkins CC, Garces LK, Estlund KL, Miller MD, Touchton R. Homeless, mentally ill and addicted: The need for abuse and trauma services. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2005;16:615–621. [PubMed: 16311487]
  • Clark C, Rich AR. Outcomes of homeless adults with mental illness in a housing program and in case management only. Psychiatric Services. 2003;54:78–83. [PubMed: 12509671]
  • Clarke GN, Herinckx HA, Kinney RF, Paulson RI, Cutler DL, Lewis K, et al. Psychiatric hospitalizations, arrests, emergency room visits, and homelessness of clients with serious and persistent mental illness: Findings from a randomized trial of two ACT programs vs. usual care. Mental Health Services Research. 2000;2:155–164. [PubMed: 11256724]
  • Clark HW, Power AK, Le Fauve CE, Lopez EI. Policy and practice implications of epidemiological surveys on co-occurring mental and substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2008;34:3–13. [PubMed: 17574794]
  • Clarke S, Delamere S, McCullough L, Hopkins S, Bergin C, Mulcahy F. Assessing limiting factors to the acceptance of antiretroviral therapy in a large cohort of injecting drug users. HIV Medicine. 2003;4:33–37. [PubMed: 12534957]
  • Clatts MC, Goldsamt L, Yi H, Gwadz MV. Homelessness and drug abuse among young men who have sex with men in New York City: A preliminary epidemiological trajectory. Journal of Adolescence. 2005;28:201–214. [PMC free article: PMC2755549] [PubMed: 15878043]
  • Cloud W, Granfield R. A life course perspective on exiting addiction: The relevance of recovery capital in treatment. Nordic Studies on Alcohol. 2004;44:185–202.
  • Coady MH, Latka MH, Thiede H, Golub ET, Ouellet L, Hudson SM, et al. Housing status and associated differences in HIV risk behaviors among young injection drug users (IDUs). AIDS and Behavior. 2007;11:854–863. [PubMed: 17551825]
  • Cochran BN, Stewart AJ, Ginzler JA, Cauce AM. Challenges faced by homeless sexual minorities: Comparison of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender homeless adolescents with their heterosexual counterparts. American Journal of Public Health. 2002;92:773–777. [PMC free article: PMC1447160] [PubMed: 11988446]
  • Cohen A, Koegel P. The influence of alcohol and drug use on the subsistence adaptation of homeless mentally ill persons. Journal of Drug Issues. 1996;26:219–243.
  • Cohen DS. The heart of change field guide: Tools and tactics for leading change in your organization. Boston: Harvard Business School Press; 2005.
  • Cohen E, Stahler G. Life histories of crack-using African American homeless men: Salient themes. Contemporary Drug Problems. 1998;25:373–397.
  • Coldwell CM, Bender WS. The effectiveness of assertive community treatment for homeless populations with severe mental illness: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;164:393–399. [PubMed: 17329462]
  • Coleman F, Gentile JP, Morrison A. Homeless veterans. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 141–150.
  • Compton SN, Swanson JW, Wagner HR, Swartz MS, Burns BJ, Elbogen EB. Involuntary outpatient commitment and homelessness in persons with severe mental illness. Mental Health Services Research. 2003;5:27–38. [PubMed: 12602644]
  • Connery L, Brekke J. A home-based family intervention for ethnic minorities with a mentally ill member. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1999;17:149–167.
  • Connor SE, Cook RL, Herbert MI, Neal SM, Williams JT. Smoking cessation in a homeless population: There is a will, but is there a way? Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2002;17:369–372. [PMC free article: PMC1495046] [PubMed: 12047734]
  • Connors GJ, Donovan DM, DiClemente CC. Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change: Selecting and planning interventions. New York: Guilford Press; 2001.
  • Conrad KJ, Hultman CI, Lyons JS. Treatment of the chemically dependent homeless: A synthesis. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1993;10:235–246.
  • Conrad KJ, Hultman CI, Pope AR, Lyons JS, Baxter WC, Daghestani AN, et al. Case managed residential care for homeless addicted veterans: Results of a true experiment. Medical Care. 1998;36:40–53. [PubMed: 9431330]
  • Conrad KJ, Matters MD, Hanrahan P, Luchins DJ. Homelessness prevention in the treatment of substance abuse and mental illness: Logic models and implementation of eight American projects. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1999:17. [Entire issue]
  • Constantine R, Andel R, Petrila J, Becker M, Robst J, Teague G, et al. Characteristics and experiences of adults with a serious mental illness who were involved in the criminal justice system. Psychiatric Services. 2010;61:451–457. [PubMed: 20439364]
  • Cook JA, Pickett-Schenk SA, Grey D, Banghart M, Rosenheck RA, Randolph F. Vocational outcomes among formerly homeless persons with severe mental illness in the ACCESS program. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52:1075–1080. [PubMed: 11474054]
  • Corporation for Supportive Housing. Between the lines: A question and answer guide on legal issues in supportive housing—National edition. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2001.
  • Corporation for Supportive Housing. Supportive housing financing resources: Target population by service need overview. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2004.
  • Corporation for Supportive Housing. Toolkit for developing and operating supportive housing. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2006.
  • Corporation for Supportive Housing. Ending homelessness among veterans through permanent supportive housing. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2007.
  • Corporation for Supportive Housing. Supportive housing: Project profiles. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2007.
  • Corporation for Supportive Housing. Toolkit for connecting supportive housing tenants to employment. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2008.
  • Cougnard A, Grolleau S, Lamarque F, Beitz C, Brugere S, Verdoux H. Psychotic disorders among homeless subjects attending a psychiatric emergency service. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2006;41:904–910. [PubMed: 16924397]
  • Cousineau MR. Health status of and access to health services by residents of urban encampments in Los Angeles. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 1997;8:70–82. [PubMed: 9019027]
  • Cox GB, Walker RD, Freng SA, Short BA, Meijer L, Gilchrist L. Outcome of a controlled trial of the effectiveness of intensive case management for chronic public inebriates. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1998;59:523–532. [PubMed: 9718104]
  • Crane M, Byrne K, Fu R, Lipmann B, Mirabelli F, Rota-Bartelink A, et al. The causes of homelessness in later life: Findings from a 3 -nation study. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2005;60:S152–S159. [PubMed: 15860792]
  • Crowther R, Marshall M, Bond G, Huxley P. Vocational rehabilitation for people with severe mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001:CD003080. [PMC free article: PMC4170889] [PubMed: 11406069]
  • Culhane DP, Avery JM, Hadley TR. Prevalence of treated behavioral disorders among adult shelter users: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1998;68:63–72. [PubMed: 9494643]
  • Culhane DP, Dejowski EF, Ibanez J, Needham E, Macchia I. Public shelter admission rates in Philadelphia and New York City: The implications of turnover for sheltered population counts. Housing Policy Debate. 1994;5:107–140.
  • Culhane DP, Metraux S. Public shelter admissions among institutional discharges: Foster care, corrections & hospitals. New York: The Columbia Center for Homelessness Prevention Studies; 2008.
  • Culhane DP, Metraux S, Hadley T. The impact of supportive housing for homeless people with severe mental illness on the utilization of the public health, corrections, and emergency shelter systems: The New York-New York initiative. Housing Policy Debate. 2001;131:107–163.
  • Culhane DP, Metraux S, Hadley T. Public service reductions associated with placement of homeless persons with severe mental illness in supportive housing. Housing Policy Debate. 2002;13:107–163.
  • Culhane DP, Metraux S, Hadley T. Supportive housing for homeless people with severe mental illness. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics Issue Brief. 2002;7:1–4. [PubMed: 12528737]
  • Culhane JF, Webb D, Grim S, Metraux S, Culhane D. Prevalence of child welfare services involvement among homeless and low-income mothers: A five-year birth cohort study. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare. 2003;3:79–95.
  • Cumyn L, Kolar D, Keller A, Hechtman L. Current issues and trends in the diagnosis and treatment of adults with ADHD. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2007;7:1375–1390. [PubMed: 17939773]
  • Cunningham M, Henry M.The Homelessness Research Institute of the National Alliance to End Homelessness. Homelessness counts. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2007.
  • Cunningham M, Henry M, Lyons W. Vital mission: Ending homelessness among veterans. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2007.
  • D’Amico JB, Nelson J. Nursing care management at a shelter-based clinic: An innovative model for care. Professional Case Management. 2008;13:26–36. [PubMed: 18162969]
  • D’Amore J, Hung O, Chiang W, Goldfrank L. The epidemiology of the homeless population and its impact on an urban emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2001;8:1051–1055. [PubMed: 11691667]
  • Davey TL. A multiple-family group intervention for homeless families: The Weekend Retreat. Health & Social Work. 2004;29:326–329. [PubMed: 15575460]
  • Davidson L, Andres-Hyman R, Bedregal L, Tondora J, Fry J, Kirk TA. From “double trouble” to “dual recovery”: Integrating models of recovery in addiction and mental health. Journal of Dual Diagnosis: Research and Practice in Substance Abuse Comorbidity. 2008;4:273–290.
  • Davidson L, White W. The concept of recovery as an organizing principle for integrating mental health and addiction services. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2007;34:109–120. [PubMed: 17351758]
  • Davis KE, Devitt T, Rollins A, O’Neill S, Pavick D, Harding B. Integrated residential treatment for persons with severe and persistent mental illness: Lessons in recovery. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2006;38:263–272. [PubMed: 17165369]
  • Dawson JF, Liening J. Closing the revolving door for chronic public inebriates: San Diego’s collaborative solution to a community problem. Law Enforcement Quarterly. 2003;32:5–8.
  • De Leon G. Therapeutic communities. In: Galanter M, Kleber HD, editors. Textbook of substance abuse treatment. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1999. pp. 447–462.
  • De Leon G, Sacks S, Staines G, McKendrick K. Modified therapeutic community for homeless mentally ill chemical abusers: Emerging subtypes. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1999;25:495–515. [PubMed: 10473011]
  • De Leon G, Sacks S, Staines GL, McKendrick K. Modified therapeutic community for homeless mentally ill chemical abusers: Treatment outcomes. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2000;26:461–480. [PubMed: 10976669]
  • Deck D, Carlson MJ. Access to publicly funded methadone maintenance treatment in two Western states. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2004;31:164–177. [PubMed: 15255224]
  • DeMallie DA, North CS, Smith EM. Psychiatric disorders among the homeless: A comparison of older and younger groups. Gerontologist. 1997;37:61–66. [PubMed: 9046707]
  • Dempster J, Gillig PM. Rural settings. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 151–163.
  • Denner J, Organista KC, Dupree JD, Thrush G. Predictors of HIV transmission among migrant and marginally housed Latinos. AIDS and Behavior. 2005;9:201–210. [PubMed: 15933839]
  • Dennis DL, Buckner JC, Lipton FR, Levine IS. A decade of research and services for homeless mentally ill persons. Where do we stand? American Psychologist. 1991;46:1129–1138. [PubMed: 1772150]
  • Department of Veterans Affairs. National survey of veterans, active duty service members, demobilized national guard and reserve members, family members, and surviving spouses. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs; 2010.
  • Des Jarlais DC, Braine N, Friedmann P. Unstable housing as a factor for increased injection risk behavior at US syringe exchange programs. AIDS and Behavior. 2007;11:78–84. [PubMed: 17447132]
  • Desai MM, Rosenheck RA. HIV testing and receipt of test results among homeless persons with serious mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161:2287–2294. [PubMed: 15569902]
  • Desai RA, Harpaz-Rotem I, Najavits LM, Rosenheck RA. Impact of the seeking safety program on clinical outcomes among homeless female veterans with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2008;59:996–1003. [PubMed: 18757592]
  • Desai RA, Liu-Mares W, Dausey DJ, Rosenheck RA. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a sample of homeless people with mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003;191:365–371. [PubMed: 12826917]
  • DeSilva MB, Manworren J, Targonski P. Impact of a Housing First program on health utilization outcomes among chronically homeless persons. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health. 2011;2:16–20. [PubMed: 23804657]
  • Devine JA, Brody CJ, Wright JD. Evaluating an alcohol and drug treatment program for the homeless: An econometric approach. Evaluation and Program Planning. 1997;20:205–215.
  • Dhossche DM, Ghani SO. A study on recidivism in the psychiatric emergency room. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998;10:59–67. [PubMed: 9669537]
  • Dickey B. Review of programs for persons who are homeless and mentally ill. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2000;8:242–250. [PubMed: 11118233]
  • Dickey B, Gonzalez O, Latimer E, Powers K. Use of mental health services by formerly homeless adults residing in group and independent housing. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1996;10:235–246. [PubMed: 8825251]
  • Dickson-Gomez J, Convey M, Hilario H, Corbett AM, Weeks M. Unofficial policy: Access to housing, housing information and social services among homeless drug users in Hartford, Connecticut. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 2007;2:8. [PMC free article: PMC1828723] [PubMed: 17343735]
  • Dickson-Gomez J, Hilario H, Convey M, Corbett AM, Weeks M, Martinez M. The relationship between housing status and HIV risk among active drug users: A qualitative analysis. Substance Use & Misuse. 2009;44:139–162. [PMC free article: PMC2646376] [PubMed: 19142817]
  • Didenko E, Pankratz N. Substance use: Pathways to homelessness? Or a way of adapting to street life? Visions: BC’s Mental Health and Addictions Journal. 2007;4:9–10.
  • Dietz T, Wright JD. Victimization of the elderly homeless. Care Management Journals. 2005;6:15–21. [PubMed: 16447853]
  • Dietz TL. Predictors of reported current and lifetime substance abuse problems among a national sample of U.S. homeless. Substance Use & Misuse. 2007;42:1745–1766. [PubMed: 17934993]
  • Dixon L, Goldberg R, Iannone V, Lucksted A, Brown C, Kreyenbuhl J, et al. Use of a critical time intervention to promote continuity of care after psychiatric inpatient hospitalization. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60:451–458. [PubMed: 19339319]
  • Dixon L, Stewart B, Krauss N, Robbins J, Hackman A, Lehman A. The participation of families of homeless persons with severe mental illness in an outreach intervention. Community Mental Health Journal. 1998;34:251–259. [PubMed: 9607162]
  • Dixon L, Weiden P, Torres M, Lehman A. Assertive community treatment and medication compliance in the homeless mentally ill. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:1302–1304. [PubMed: 9286194]
  • Douyon R, Guzman P, Romain G, Ireland SJ, Mendoza L, Lopez-Blanco M, et al. Subtle neurological deficits and psychopathological findings in substance-abusing homeless and non-homeless veterans. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998;10:210–215. [PubMed: 9608411]
  • Draine J, Herman DB. Critical time intervention for reentry from prison for persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2007;58:1577–1581. [PubMed: 18048559]
  • Drake RE, Mueser KT, Brunette MF, McHugo GJ. A review of treatments for people with severe mental illnesses and co-occurring substance use disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2004;27:360–374. [PubMed: 15222148]
  • Drake RE, Osher FC, Wallach MA. Homelessness and dual diagnosis. American Psychologist. 1991;46:1149–1158. [PubMed: 1772152]
  • Drake RE, Xie H, McHugo GJ, Shumway M. Three-year outcomes of long-term patients with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;56:749–756. [PubMed: 15556119]
  • Drury LJ. Community care for people who are homeless and mentally ill. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2003;14:194–207. [PubMed: 12739300]
  • Dryden E, Hyde J, Livny A, Tula M. Phoenix rising: Use of a participatory approach to evaluate a federally funded HIV, hepatitis and substance abuse prevention program. Evaluation and Program Planning. 2010;33:386–393. [PubMed: 20233628]
  • Dunford JV, Castillo EM, Chan TC, Vilke GM, Jenson P, Lindsay SP. Impact of the San Diego Serial Inebriate Program on use of emergency medical resources. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2006;47:328–336. [PubMed: 16546617]
  • Eckenfels EJ. Current health care system policy for vulnerability reduction in the United States of America: A personal perspective. Croatian Medical Journal. 2002;43:179–183. [PubMed: 11885044]
  • Egelko S, Galanter M, Dermatis H, Jurewicz E, Jamison A, Dingle S, et al. Improved psychological status in a modified therapeutic community for homeless MICA men. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2002;21:75–92. [PubMed: 11916374]
  • El-Bassel N, Witte SS, Wada T, Gilbert L, Wallace J. Correlates of partner violence among female street-based sex workers: Substance abuse, history of childhood abuse, and HIV risks. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2001;15:41–51. [PubMed: 11177587]
  • Elbogen EB, Swanson JW, Swartz MS, Wagner HR. Characteristics of third-party money management for persons with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Services. 2003;54:1136–1141. [PubMed: 12883142]
  • Ellen IG, O’Flaherty B. How to house the homeless. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 2010.
  • Emerson-Davis Family Development Center. Supportive residential services to reunite homeless mentally ill single parents with their children. Psychiatric Services. 2000;51:1433–1435. [PubMed: 11058192]
  • Emery BD, Anderson RA, O’Donnell C. Treatment and prevention services for persons with alcohol and other drug disorders who are homeless: A review of State services. Washington, DC: National Association of State Alcohol/Drug Abuse Directors; 2002.
  • Engel J. Poor people’s medicine: Medicaid and American charity care since 1965. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2006.
  • Erickson JR, Stevens S, McKnight P, Figueredo AJ. Willingness for treatment as a predictor of retention and outcomes. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:135–150. [PubMed: 8929937]
  • Essock SM, Frisman LK, Kontos NJ. Cost-effectiveness of assertive community treatment teams. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1998;68:179–190. [PubMed: 9589757]
  • Essock SM, Kontos N. Implementing assertive community treatment teams. Psychiatric Services. 1995;46:679–683. [PubMed: 7552558]
  • Essock SM, Mueser KT, Drake RE, Covell NH, McHugo GJ, Frisman LK, et al. Comparison of ACT and standard case management for delivering integrated treatment for co-occurring disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2006;57:185–196. [PubMed: 16452695]
  • Ettner SL, Argeriou M, McCarty D, Dilonardo J, Liu H. How did the introduction of managed care for the uninsured in Iowa affect the use of substance abuse services? Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research. 2003;30:26–40. [PMC free article: PMC7089492] [PubMed: 12645495]
  • Evans JL, Hahn JA, Page-Shafer K, Lum PJ, Stein ES, Davidson PJ, et al. Gender differences in sexual and injection risk behavior among active young injection drug users in San Francisco (the UFO Study). Journal of Urban Health. 2003;80:137–146. [PMC free article: PMC3456106] [PubMed: 12612103]
  • Eynan R, Langley J, Tolomiczenko G, Rhodes AE, Links P, Wasylenki D, et al. The association between homelessness and suicidal ideation and behaviors: Results of a cross-sectional survey. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002;32:418–427. [PubMed: 12501966]
  • Eyrich-Garg KM, Cacciola JS, Carise D, Lynch KG, McLellan AT. Individual characteristics of the literally homeless, marginally housed, and impoverished in a US substance abuse treatment-seeking sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2008;43:831–842. [PubMed: 18504513]
  • Fakhoury WKH, Murray A, Shepherd G, Priebe S. Research in supported housing. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002;37:301–315. [PubMed: 12111022]
  • Falk N. General concepts of outreach and engagement. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 9–20.
  • Mae Fannie. Homelessness in America: Veterans’ perceptions, attitudes and knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Gallup Inc; 2007.
  • Faraone SV, Wilens TE, Petty C, Antshel K, Spencer T, Biederman J. Substance use among ADHD adults: Implications of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses. American Journal on Addictions. 2007;16(Suppl 1):24–32. [PubMed: 17453604]
  • Farrell M, Howes S, Taylor C, Lewis G, Jenkins R, Bebbington P, et al. Substance misuse and psychiatric comorbidity: An overview of the OPCS National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. International Review of Psychiatry. 2003;115:43–49. [PubMed: 12745309]
  • Farrell SJ, Huff J, MacDonald SA, Middlebro A, Walsh S. Taking it to the street: A psychiatric outreach service in Canada. Community Mental Health Journal. 2005;41:737–746. [PubMed: 16328586]
  • Fazel S, Khosla V, Doll H, Geddes J. The prevalence of mental disorders among the homeless in Western countries: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLOS Medicine. 2008;5:e225. [PMC free article: PMC2592351] [PubMed: 19053169]
  • Felix A, Samuels J. Families in shelters. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 35–49.
  • Felton BJ. Innovation and implementation in mental health services for homeless adults: A case study. Community Mental Health Journal. 2003;39:309–322. [PubMed: 12908645]
  • Felton CJ, Stastny P, Shern DL, Blanch A, Donahue SA, Knight E, et al. Consumers as peer specialists on intensive case management teams: Impact on client outcomes. Psychiatric Services. 1995;46:1037–1044. [PubMed: 8829785]
  • Finkelstein N, VandeMark N, Fallot R, Brown V, Cadiz S, Heckman J. Enhancing substance abuse recovery through integrated trauma treatment. Sarasota, FL: National Trauma Consortium; 2004.
  • Finlayson M, Baker M, Rodman L, Herzberg G. The process and outcomes of a multimethod needs assessment at a homeless shelter. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2002;56:313–321. [PubMed: 12058520]
  • Finney JW, Monahan SC. The cost-effectiveness of treatment for alcoholism: A second approximation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1996;57:229–243. [PubMed: 8709580]
  • Fischer PJ, Breakey WR. Profile of the Baltimore homeless with alcohol problems. Alcohol Health & Research World. 1987;11:36–61.
  • Fischer PJ, Breakey WR. Epidemiology of alcohol, drug, and mental disorders among homeless persons. American Psychologist. 1991;46:1115–1128. [PubMed: 1772149]
  • Fishkind A, Zeller S. Psychiatric emergency services. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 83–90.
  • Fisk D, Frey J. Employing people with psychiatric disabilities to engage homeless individuals through supported socialization: The Buddies Project. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2002;26:191–196. [PubMed: 12433222]
  • Fisk D, Rakfeldt J, Heffernan K, Rowe M. Outreach workers’ experiences in a homeless outreach project: Issues of boundaries, ethics and staff safety. Psychiatric Quarterly. 1999;70:231–246. [PubMed: 10457548]
  • Fisk D, Rakfeldt J, McCormack E. Assertive outreach: An effective strategy for engaging homeless persons with substance use disorders into treatment. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2006;32:479–486. [PubMed: 16864475]
  • Fisk D, Sells D, Rowe M. Sober housing and motivational interviewing: The Treatment Access Project. Journal of Primary Prevention. 2007;28:281–293. [PubMed: 17551837]
  • Fleischer W, Dressner J, Herzog N, Hong A. Keeping the door open to people with drug problems. I–III. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2001.
  • Flick U. Homelessness and health: Challenges for health psychology. Journal of Health Psychology. 2007;12:691–695. [PubMed: 17855455]
  • Folsom DP, Hawthorne W, Lindamer L, Gilmer T, Bailey A, Golshan S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for homelessness and utilization of mental health services among 10,340 patients with serious mental illness in a large public mental health system. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;162:370–376. [PubMed: 15677603]
  • Folsom DP, Jeste DV. Schizophrenia in homeless persons: A systematic review of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002;105:404–413. [PubMed: 12059843]
  • Fonfield-Ayinla G. A consumer perspective on parenting while homeless. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:299–300. [Commentary] [PubMed: 19839666]
  • Forchuk C, Jensen E, Csiernik R, Ward-Griffin C, Ray S, Montgomery P, et al. Exploring differences between community-based women and men with a history of mental illness. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2009;30:495–502. [PubMed: 19591023]
  • Forchuk C, MacClure SK, Van BM, Smith C, Csiernik R, Hoch J, et al. Developing and testing an intervention to prevent homelessness among individuals discharged from psychiatric wards to shelters and ‘no fixed address’ Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2008;15:569–575. [PubMed: 18768009]
  • Forchuk C, Montgomery P, Berman H, Ward-Griffin C, Csiernik R, Gorlick C, et al. Gaining ground, losing ground: The paradoxes of rural homelessness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 2010;42:139–152. [PubMed: 20608241]
  • Forney JC, Lombardo S, Toro PA. Diagnostic and other correlates of HIV risk behaviors in a probability sample of homeless adults. Psychiatric Services. 2007;58:92–99. [PubMed: 17215418]
  • Fortney J, Sullivan G, Williams K, Jackson C, Morton SC, Koegel P. Measuring continuity of care for clients of public mental health systems. Health Services Research. 2003;38:1157–1175. [PMC free article: PMC1360938] [PubMed: 12968822]
  • Foster S, LeFauve C, Kresky-Wolff M, Rickards L. Services and supports for individuals with co-occurring disorders and long-term homelessness. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2010;37:239–251. [PubMed: 19768552]
  • Freedman MJ, Lester KM, McNamara C, Milby JB, Schumacher JE. Cell phones for ecological momentary assessment with cocaine-addicted homeless patients in treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2006;30:105–111. [PubMed: 16490673]
  • French MT, McCollister KE, Sacks S, McKendrick K, De Leon G. Benefit-cost analysis of a modified therapeutic community for mentally ill chemical abusers. Evaluation and Program Planning. 2002;25:137–148.
  • French MT, Sacks S, De Leon G, Staines G, McKendrick K. Modified therapeutic community for mentally ill chemical abusers: Outcomes and costs. Evaluation & the Health Professions. 1999;22:60–85. [PubMed: 10350964]
  • Frencher SK Jr, Benedicto CM, Kendig TD, Herman D, Barlow B, Pressley JC. A comparative analysis of serious injury and illness among homeless and housed low income residents of New York City. Journal of Trauma. 2010;69:S191–S199. [PubMed: 20938307]
  • Freund PD, Hawkins DW. What street people reported about service access and drug treatment. Journal of Health and Social Policy. 2004;18:87–93. [PubMed: 15201120]
  • Frisman LK, Rosenheck R. The relationship of public support payments to substance abuse among homeless veterans with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2000;48:792–795. [PubMed: 9175187]
  • Galaif ER, Nyamathi AM, Stein JA. Psychosocial predictors of current drug use, drug problems, and physical drug dependence in homeless women. Addictive Behaviors. 1999;24:801–814. [PubMed: 10628514]
  • Galanter M, Dermatis H, Egelko S, De Leon G. Homelessness and mental illness in a professional- and peer-led cocaine treatment clinic. Psychiatric Services. 1998;49:533–535. [PubMed: 9550249]
  • Galea S, Vlahov D. Social determinants and the health of drug users: Socioeconomic status, homelessness, and incarceration. Public Health Reports. 2002;117(Suppl 1):S135–S145. [PMC free article: PMC1913691] [PubMed: 12435837]
  • Gamache G, Rosenheck R, Tessler R. Overrepresentation of women veterans among homeless women. American Journal of Public Health. 2003;93:1132–1136. [PMC free article: PMC1447922] [PubMed: 12835198]
  • Gamm LG, Stone S, Pittman S. Rural healthy people 2010: A companion document to Healthy People 2010. 2. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University, School of Rural Public Health; 2003. Mental health and mental disorders—A rural challenge: A literature review.
  • Gamst G, Herdina A, Mondragon E, Munguia F, Pleitez A, Stephens H, et al. Relationship among respondent ethnicity, ethnic identity, acculturation, and homeless status on a homeless population’s functional status. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2006;62:1485–1501. [PubMed: 17016829]
  • Garibaldi B, Conde-Martel A, O’Toole TP. Self-reported comorbidities, perceived needs, and sources for usual care for older and younger homeless adults. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2005;20:726–730. [PMC free article: PMC1490194] [PubMed: 16050882]
  • Geissler LJ, Bormann CA, Kwiatkowski CF, Braucht GN. Women, homelessness, and substance abuse: Moving beyond the stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1995;19:65–83.
  • Gelberg L, Linn LS, Leake BD. Mental health, alcohol and drug use, and criminal history among homeless adults. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988;145:191–196. [PubMed: 3341464]
  • Gerdner A, Holmberg A. Factors affecting motivation to treatment in severely dependent alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2000;61:548–560. [PubMed: 10928725]
  • German D, Davey MA, Latkin CA. Residential transience and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users. AIDS and Behavior. 2007;11:21–30. [PubMed: 17486437]
  • Gewirtz AH, DeGarmo DS, Plowman EJ, August G, Realmuto G. Parenting, parental mental health, and child functioning in families residing in supportive housing. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:336–347. [PubMed: 19839671]
  • Gibbon JL. Substance abuse treatment needs of homeless women in urban Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh; 1999.
  • Gibson G, Rosenheck R, Tullner JB, Grimes RM, Seibyl CL, Rivera-Torres A, et al. A national survey of the oral health status of homeless veterans. Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 2003;63:30–37. [PubMed: 12597583]
  • Gill B, Meltzer H, Hinds K. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among homeless adults. International Review of Psychiatry. 2003;15:134–140. [PubMed: 12745321]
  • Gillig PM, McQuistion HL. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006.
  • Gilmer TP, Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Folsom DP, Lindamer L, Garcia P, et al. Adherence to treatment with antipsychotic medication and health care costs among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161:692–699. [PubMed: 15056516]
  • Gilmer TP, Manning WG, Ettner SL. A cost analysis of San Diego County’s REACH program for homeless persons. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60:445–450. [PubMed: 19339318]
  • Gilmer TP, Stefanic A, Ettner SL, Manning WG, Tsemberis S. Effect of full-service partnerships on homelessness, use and costs of mental health services, and quality of life among adults with serious mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2010;67:645–652. [PubMed: 20530014]
  • Glasser I, Zywiak WH. Homelessness and substance misuse: A tale of two cities. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003;38:551–576. [PubMed: 12747397]
  • Glasser N. Practical lessons: The 1998 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1999. Giving voice to homeless people in policy, practice and research; pp. 7-1–7-34.
  • Goering P, Tolomiczenko G, Sheldon T, Boydell K, Wasylenki D. Characteristics of persons who are homeless for the first time. Psychiatric Services. 2002;53:1472–1474. [PubMed: 12407279]
  • Goldfinger SM, Schutt RK, Seidman LJ, Turner WM, Penk WE, Tolomiczenko GS. Self-report and observer measures of substance abuse among homeless mentally ill persons in the cross-section and over time. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1996;184:667–672. [PubMed: 8955679]
  • Goldfinger SM, Schutt RK, Tolomiczenko GS, Seidman L, Penk WE, Turner W, et al. Housing placement and subsequent days homeless among formerly homeless adults with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 1999;50:674–679. [PubMed: 10332905]
  • Goldfinger SM, Schutt RK, Turner W, Tolomiczenko G, Abelman M. Assessing homeless mentally ill persons for permanent housing: Screening for safety. Community Mental Health Journal. 1996;32:275–288. [PubMed: 8790969]
  • Goldsmith DS. Ethnicity and substance abuse: Prevention and intervention. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher; 2002. Hispanic heroin users: Up close and personal; pp. 207–225.
  • Gomez R, Thompson SJ, Barczyk AN. Factors associated with substance use among homeless young adults. Substance Abuse. 2010;31:24–34. [PMC free article: PMC2856116] [PubMed: 20391267]
  • Gonzalez EA, Dieter JN, Natale RA, Tanner SL. Neuropsychological evaluation of higher functioning homeless persons: A comparison of an abbreviated test battery to the mini-mental state exam. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001;189:176–181. [PubMed: 11277354]
  • Gonzalez G, Rosenheck RA. Outcomes and service use among homeless persons with serious mental illness and substance abuse. Psychiatric Services. 2002;53:437–446. [PubMed: 11919357]
  • Gordon AJ, Montlack ML, Freyder P, Johnson D, Bui T, Williams J. The Allegheny Initiative for Mental Health Integration for the Homeless: Integrating heterogeneous health services for homeless persons. American Journal of Public Health. 2007;97:401–405. [PMC free article: PMC1805021] [PubMed: 17267708]
  • Graham Bevan G. Social networks, life satisfaction and community adaptation for people with severe mental illness: The contribution from friends, family, and service providers. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa; 2005.
  • Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Compton W, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004;61:807–816. [PubMed: 15289279]
  • Greenberg GA, Rosenheck RA. Jail incarceration, homelessness, and mental health: A national study. Psychiatric Services. 2008;59:170–177. [PubMed: 18245159]
  • Greenberg GA, Rosenheck RA. Correlates of past homelessness in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Administration and Policy in Mental Health. 2010;37:357–366. [PubMed: 19763814]
  • Greenberg GA, Rosenheck RA. Mental health correlates of past homelessness in the National Comorbidity Study Replication. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2010;21:1234–1249. [PubMed: 21099075]
  • Greene JA, Ball K, Belcher JR, McAlpine C. Substance abuse, homelessness, developmental decision-making and spirituality: A women’s health issue. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions. 2003;3:39–56.
  • Greenwood RM, Schaefer-McDaniel NJ, Winkel G, Tsemberis SJ. Decreasing psychiatric symptoms by increasing choice in services for adults with histories of homelessness. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2005;36:223–238. [PubMed: 16389497]
  • Grella CE. Women in residential drug treatment: Differences by program type and pregnancy. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 1999;10:216–229. [PubMed: 10224827]
  • Grella CE, Stein JA. Impact of program services on treatment outcomes of patients with comorbid mental and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2006;57:1007–1015. [PMC free article: PMC1904429] [PubMed: 16816286]
  • Griner KR. Helping the homeless: An occupational therapy perspective. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health. 2006;22:49–61.
  • Grossman LS, Willer JK, Miller NS, Stovall JG, McRae SG, Maxwell S. Temporal patterns of veterans’ psychiatric service utilization, disability payments, and cocaine use. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1997;29:285–290. [PubMed: 9339861]
  • Grunebaum M, Aquila R, Portera L, Leon AC, Weiden P. Predictors of management problems in supported housing: A pilot study. Community Mental Health Journal. 1999;35:127–133. [PubMed: 10412622]
  • Gulcur L, Stefancic A, Shinn M, Tsemberis S, Fischer SN. Housing, hospitalization and cost outcomes for homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities participating in continuum of care and housing first programmes. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 2003;13:171–186.
  • Gulcur L, Tsemberis S, Stefancic A, Greenwood RM. Community integration of adults with psychiatric disabilities and histories of homelessness. Community Mental Health Journal. 2007;43:211–228. [PubMed: 17401684]
  • Guo S, Biegel DE, Johnsen JA, Dyches H. Assessing the impact of community-based mobile crisis services on preventing hospitalization. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52:223–228. [PubMed: 11157123]
  • Gutman SA, Diamond H, Holness-Parchment SE, Brandofino DN, Pacheco DG, Jolly-Edouard M, et al. Enhancing independence in women experiencing domestic violence and possible brain injury. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health. 2004;20:49–79.
  • Guydish J, Bucardo J, Clark G, Bernheim S. Evaluating needle exchange: A description of client characteristics, health status, program utilization, and HIV risk behavior. Substance Use & Misuse. 1998;33:1173–1196. [PubMed: 9596382]
  • Haber MG, Toro PA. Parent-adolescent violence and later behavioral health problems among homeless and housed youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:305–318. [PubMed: 19839668]
  • Hackman A, Dixon L. Assertive community treatment. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 51–64.
  • Hahn JA, Kushel MB, Bangsberg DR, Riley F, Moss AR. Brief report: The aging of the homeless population: Fourteen-year trends in San Francisco. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2006;21:775–778. [PMC free article: PMC1924700] [PubMed: 16808781]
  • Hall CS, Charlebois ED, Hahn JA, Moss AR, Bangsberg DR. Hepatitis C virus infection in San Francisco’s HIV-infected urban poor. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2004;19:357–365. [PMC free article: PMC1492202] [PubMed: 15061745]
  • Hall RC, Popkin MK, Devaul R, Stickney SK. The effect of unrecognized drug abuse on diagnosis and therapeutic outcome. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1986;4:455–465. [PubMed: 615489]
  • Halpern SD, Mechem CC. Declining rate of substance abuse throughout the month. American Journal of Medicine. 2001;110:347–351. [PubMed: 11286948]
  • Hannigan T, Wagner S. Developing the “support” in supportive housing: A guide to providing services in housing. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2003.
  • Hanrahan P, Oakley D, Rickards LD, Luchins DJ, Herrell JM, Conrad KJ, et al. Cross-site issues in the Collaborative Program to Prevent Homelessness: Conclusion. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1999;17:187–208.
  • Harpaz-Rotem I, Rosenheck RA, Desai R. Assessing the effects of maternal symptoms and homelessness on the mental health problems in their children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2009;14:168–174.
  • Harris M, Fallot RD. Using trauma theory to design service systems New Directions for Mental Health Services. Vol. 89. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2001.
  • Hartwell S. Deviance over the life course: The case of homeless substance abusers. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003;38:475–502. [PubMed: 12747395]
  • Hastings J, Zulman D, Wali S. UCLA mobile clinic project. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2007;18:744–748. [PubMed: 17982203]
  • Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. Triage Guidelines. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 1995.
  • Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. Healing Hands. 5. Vol. 4. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2000. Controlling symptoms, learning to cope.
  • Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. Mental illness, chronic homelessness: An American disgrace. Healing Hands. 2000;4(5):1–2.
  • Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. Pregnant and homeless. Healing Hands. 2001;5:1–6.
  • Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. A comprehensive approach to substance abuse and homelessness. Healing Hands. 2003;7:1–6.
  • Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. Dealing with disability: Cognitive impairments & homelessness. Healing Hands. 2003;7:1–6.
  • Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. Addiction on the streets: Clinical interventions. Healing Hands. 2006;10(4):1–6.
  • Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. Integrating primary & behavioral health care for homeless people. Healing Hands. 2006;10(2):1–6.
  • Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. Linking HCH with mental health services. Healing Hands. 2006;10:36.
  • Heffron WA, Skipper BJ, Lambert L. Health and lifestyle issues as risk factors for homelessness. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 1997;10:6–12. [PubMed: 9018657]
  • Henderson C, Bainbridge J, Keaton K, Kenton M, Guz M, Kanis B. The use of data to assist in the design of a new service system for homeless veterans in New York City. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2008;79:3–17. [PubMed: 18060499]
  • Hendrickson EL, Schmal MS, Eckleberry SC. Treating co-occurring disorders: A handbook for mental health and substance abuse professionals. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press; 2004.
  • Herbst MD, Batki SL, Manfredi LB, Jones T. Treatment outcomes for methadone clients receiving lump-sum payments at initiation of disability benefits. Psychiatric Services. 1996;47, 119–120:142. [PubMed: 8825244]
  • Herinckx HA, Kinney RF, Clarke GN, Paulson RI. Assertive community treatment versus usual care in engaging and retaining clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48:1297–1306. [PubMed: 9323749]
  • Herman D, Conover S, Felix A, Nakagawa A, Mills D. Critical time intervention: An empirically supported model for preventing homelessness in high risk groups. Journal of Primary Prevention. 2007;28:295–312. [PubMed: 17541827]
  • Herman D, Opler L, Felix A, Valencia E, Wyatt RJ, Susser E. A critical time intervention with mentally ill homelessmen: Impact on psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2000;188:135–140. [PubMed: 10749277]
  • Herman DB, Mandiberg JM. Critical time intervention: Model description and implications for the significance of timing in social work interventions. Research on Social Work Practice. 2010;20:502–508.
  • Herman DB, Struening EL, Barrow SM. Self-reported needs for help among homeless men and women. Evaluation and Program Planning. 1994;17:249–256.
  • Herman DB, Susser ES, Struening EL, Link BL. Adverse childhood experiences: Are they risk factors for adult homelessness? American Journal of Public Health. 1997;87:249–255. [PMC free article: PMC1380802] [PubMed: 9103105]
  • Herzberg GL, Ray SA, Miller KS. The status of occupational therapy: Addressing the needs of people experiencing homelessness. Occupational Therapy in Health Care. 2006;20:1–8. [PubMed: 23926929]
  • Heslin KC, Andersen RM, Gelberg L. Case management and access to services for homeless women. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2003;14:34–51. [PubMed: 12613067]
  • Hibbs JR, Benner L, Klugman L, Spencer R, Macchia I, Mellinger A, et al. Mortality in a cohort of homeless adults in Philadelphia. New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;331:304–309. [PubMed: 8022442]
  • Holder H, Longabaugh R, Miller WR, Rubonis AV. The cost effectiveness of treatment for alcoholism: A first approximation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1991;52:517–540. [PubMed: 1661799]
  • Holleran LK, Taylor-Seehafer MA, Pomeroy EC, Neff JA. Substance abuse prevention for high-risk youth: Exploring culture and alcohol and drug use. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 2005;23:165–184.
  • Holt RL, Montesinos S, Christensen RC. Physical and sexual abuse history in women seeking treatment at a psychiatric clinic for the homeless. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2007;13:58–60. [PubMed: 17242595]
  • Hopper K. Deviance and dwelling space: Notes in the resettlement of homeless persons with drug and alcohol problems. Contemporary Drug Problems. 1989;16:391–414.
  • Hopper K. Reckoning with homelessness. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 2003.
  • Hopper K. Redistribution and its discontents: On the prospects of committed work in public mental health and like settings. Human Organization. 2006;54:218–226.
  • Hopper K, Jost J, Hay T, Welber S, Haugland G. Homelessness, severe mental illness, and the institutional circuit. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48:659–665. [PubMed: 9144820]
  • Horn A. Medical care for the homeless elderly. Care Management Journals. 2008;9:25–30. [PubMed: 18402155]
  • Horvitz-Lennon M, Frank RG, Thompson W, Baik SH, Alegria M, Rosenheck RA, et al. Investigation of racial and ethnic disparities in service utilization among homeless adults with severe mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60:1032–1038. [PMC free article: PMC2898183] [PubMed: 19648189]
  • Howard KS, Cartwright S, Barajas RG. Examining the impact of parental risk on family functioning among homeless and housed families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:326–335. [PubMed: 19839670]
  • Hunt IM, Windfuhr K, Swinson N, Shaw J, Appleby L, Kapur N. Suicide amongst psychiatric in-patients who abscond from the ward: A national clinical survey. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:14. [PMC free article: PMC2845552] [PubMed: 20128891]
  • Hwang SW. Is homelessness hazardous to your health? Obstacles to the demonstration of a causal relationship. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2002;93:407–410. [PMC free article: PMC6980210] [PubMed: 12448860]
  • Hwang SW, Colantonio A, Chiu S, Tolomiczenko G, Kiss A, Cowan L, et al. The effect of traumatic brain injury on the health of homeless people. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2008;179:779–784. [PMC free article: PMC2553875] [PubMed: 18838453]
  • Hwang SW, Kirst MJ, Chiu S, Tolomiczenko G, Kiss A, Cowan L, et al. Multidimensional social support and the health of homeless individuals. Journal of Urban Health. 2009;86:791–803. [PMC free article: PMC2729873] [PubMed: 19629703]
  • Hwang SW, O’Connell JJ, Lebow JM, Bierer MF, Orav EJ, Brennan TA. Health care utilization among homeless adults prior to death. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2001;12:50–58. [PubMed: 11217228]
  • Hwang SW, Orav EJ, O’Connell JJ, Lebow JM, Brennan TA. Causes of death in homeless adults in Boston. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997;126:625–628. [PubMed: 9103130]
  • Hwang SW, Tolomiczenko G, Kouyoumdjian FG, Garner RE. Interventions to improve the health of the homeless: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2005;29:311–319. [PubMed: 16242595]
  • Hwang SW, Weaver J, Aubry T, Hoch JS. Hospital costs and length of stay among homeless patients admitted to medical, surgical, and psychiatric services. Medical Care. 2011;49:350–354. [PubMed: 21368678]
  • Iguchi MY, Belding MA, Morral AR, Lamb RJ, Husband SD. Reinforcing operants other than abstinence in drug abuse treatment: An effective alternative for reducing drug use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1997;65:421–428. [PubMed: 9170765]
  • Inciardi JA, Surratt HL. Drug use, street crime, and sex-trading among cocaine-dependent women: Implications for public health and criminal justice policy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2001;33:379–389. [PubMed: 11824697]
  • Interagency Council on Homelessness. Innovative initiatives. Washington, DC: Interagency Council on Homelessness; 2007.
  • Irmiter C, McCarthy JF, Barry KL, Soliman S, Blow FC. Reinstitutionalization following psychiatric discharge among VA patients with serious mental illness: A national longitudinal study. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2007;78:279–286. [PubMed: 17763982]
  • Irving LM, Seidner AL, Burling TA. Hope and recovery from substance dependence in homeless veterans. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 1998;17:389–406.
  • Israel N, Toro PA, Ouellette N. Changes in the composition of the homeless population: 1992–2002. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2010;46:49–59. [PubMed: 20524149]
  • Jainchill N, Hawke J, Yagelka J. Gender, psychopathology, and patterns of homelessness among clients in shelter-based TCs. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2000;26:553–567. [PubMed: 11097192]
  • James DJ, Glaze LE. Bureau of Justice Statisticsspecial report: Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2006.
  • Johnson TP. Substance use among homeless, immigrant, and refugee populations: An international perspective. Introduction. Substance Use & Misuse. 1997;32:793–803. [PubMed: 9220557]
  • Johnson TP, Barrett ME. Substance use and treatment needs among homeless persons in Cook County, Illinois. International Journal of the Addictions. 1995;30:557–585. [PubMed: 7601577]
  • Johnson TP, Fendrich M. Homelessness and drug use: Evidence from a community sample. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2007;32:S211–S218. [PubMed: 17543713]
  • Johnson TP, Freels SA, Parsons JA, VanGeest JB. Substance abuse and homelessness: Social selection or social adaptation? Addiction. 1997;92:437–445. [PubMed: 9177065]
  • Jones A, Scannell T. Outreach interventions for the homeless mentally ill. British Journal of Nursing. 1997;6:1236–1238. 1240–1243. [PubMed: 9431033]
  • Jones AB. Harm reduction: Helping homeless drug users stay healthy. Calverton, MD: Macro International, Inc; 1998.
  • Jones HE, Svikis D, Rosado J, Tuten M, Kulstad JL. What if they do not want treatment? Lessons learned from intervention studies of non-treatment-seeking, drug-using pregnant women. American Journal on Addictions. 2004;13:342–357. [PubMed: 15370933]
  • Jones K, Colson PW, Holter MC, Lin S, Valencia E, Susser E, et al. Cost-effectiveness of critical time intervention to reduce homelessness among persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2003;54:884–890. [PubMed: 12773605]
  • Joseph H, Stancliff S, Langrod J. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT): A review of historical and clinical issues. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine. 2000;67:347–364. [PubMed: 11064485]
  • Joyce DP, Limbos M. Identification of cognitive impairment and mental illness in elderly homeless men: Before and after access to primary health care. Canadian Family Physician. 2009;55:1110–1111. [PMC free article: PMC2776807] [PubMed: 19910602]
  • Joyner LM, Wright JD, Devine JA. Reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index among homeless substance misusers. Substance Use & Misuse. 1996;31:729–751. [PubMed: 8816118]
  • Justus AN, Burling TA, Weingardt KR. Client predictors of treatment retention and completion in a program for homeless veterans. Substance Use & Misuse. 2006;41:751–762. [PubMed: 16603459]
  • Kales JP, Barone MA, Bixler EO, Miljkovic MM, Kales JD. Mental illness and substance use among sheltered homeless persons in lower-density population areas. Psychiatric Services. 1995;46:592–595. [PubMed: 7641001]
  • Karim K, Tischler V, Gregory P, Vostanis P. Homeless children and parents: Short-term mental health outcome. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2006;52:447–458. [PubMed: 17278346]
  • Kashner TM, Rosenheck R, Campinell AB, Suris A, Crandall R, Garfield NJ, et al. Impact of work therapy on health status among homeless, substance-dependent veterans: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002;59:938–944. [PubMed: 12365881]
  • Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck R. Substance use and psychiatric problems of homeless Native American veterans. Psychiatric Services. 1998;49:345–350. [PubMed: 9525794]
  • Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck R. Mortality among homeless and nonhomeless mentally ill veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2000;188:141–147. [PubMed: 10749278]
  • Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck RA. Outcomes of critical time intervention case management of homeless veterans after psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatric Services. 2007;58:929–935. [PubMed: 17602008]
  • Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck R, Frisman L, DeLella D. Residential treatment for dually diagnosed homeless veterans. In: McCance-Katz EF, Clark HW, editors. Psychosocial treatments. New York: Brunner-Routledge; 2004. pp. 117–128.
  • Kass F, Silver JM. Neuropsychiatry and the homeless. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1990;2:15–19. [PubMed: 2136059]
  • Katzman R, Brown T, Fuld P, Peck A, Schechter R, Schimmel H. Validation of a short Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test of cognitive impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983;140:734–739. [PubMed: 6846631]
  • Kayman DJ, Gordon C, Rosenblum A, Magura S. A port in a storm: Client perceptions of substance abuse treatment outreach in a soup kitchen. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions. 2005;5:3–25.
  • Keefe RHK. Assessing and treating cognitive deficits. Psychiatric Times. 2005;23:1–4.
  • Kennedy GJ, Efremova I, Frazier A, Saba A. The emerging problems of alcohol and substance abuse in late life. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless. 1999;8:227–239.
  • Kenney RR. Spotlight on PATH practices and programs: PATH programs providing SOAR. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2008.
  • Kenny DA, Calsyn RJ, Morse GA, Klinkenberg WD, Winter JP, Trusty ML. Evaluation of treatment programs for persons with severe mental illness: Moderator and mediator effects. Evaluation Review. 2004;28:294–324. [PubMed: 15245622]
  • Kertesz SG, Crouch K, Milby JB, Cusimano RE, Schumacher JE. Housing first for homeless persons with active addiction: Are we overreaching? Milbank Quarterly. 2009;87:495–534. [PMC free article: PMC2881444] [PubMed: 19523126]
  • Kertesz SG, Horton NJ, Friedmann PD, Saitz R, Samet JH. Slowing the revolving door: Stabilization programs reduce homeless persons’ substance use after detoxification. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2003;24:197–207. [PubMed: 12810140]
  • Kertesz SG, Larson MJ, Cheng DM, Tucker JA, Winter M, Mullins A, et al. Need and non-need factors associated with addiction treatment utilization in a cohort of homeless and housed urban poor. Medical Care. 2006;44:225–233. [PubMed: 16501393]
  • Kertesz SG, Larson MJ, Horton NJ, Winter M, Saitz R, Samet JH. Homeless chronicity and health-related quality of life trajectories among adults with addictions. Medical Care. 2005;43:574–585. [PubMed: 15908852]
  • Kertesz SG, Madan A, Wallace D, Schumacher JE, Milby JB. Substance abuse treatment and psychiatric comorbidity: Do benefits spill over? Analysis of data from a prospective trial among cocaine-dependent homeless persons. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 2006;1:27. [PMC free article: PMC1584225] [PubMed: 16965639]
  • Kertesz SG, Mullins AN, Schumacher JE, Wallace D, Kirk K, Milby JB. Long-term housing and work outcomes among treated cocaine-dependent homeless persons. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2007;34:17–33. [PMC free article: PMC1885681] [PubMed: 17171458]
  • Kessel ER, Bhatia R, Bamberger JD, Kushel MB. Public health care utilization in a cohort of homeless adult applicants to a supportive housing program. Journal of Urban Health. 2006;83:860–873. [PMC free article: PMC2438584] [PubMed: 16779686]
  • Kessler RC, Anthony JC, Blazer DG, Bromet E, Eaton WW, Kendler K, et al. The U.S. National Comorbidity Survey: Overview and future directions. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale. 1997;6:4–16. [Editorial] [PubMed: 9151646]
  • Kidder DP, Wolitski RJ, Pals SL, Campsmith ML. Housing status and HIV risk behaviors among homeless and housed persons with HIV. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008;49:451–455. [PubMed: 19186357]
  • Kidder DP, Wolitski RJ, Royal S, Aidala A, Courtenay-Quirk C, Holtgrave DR, et al. Access to housing as a structural intervention for homeless and unstably housed people living with HIV: Rationale, methods, and implementation of the Housing and Health Study. AIDS and Behavior. 2007;11:S149–S161. [PubMed: 17546496]
  • Kilbourne AM, Herndon B, Andersen RM, Wenzel SL, Gelberg L. Psychiatric symptoms, health services, and HIV risk factors among homeless women. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2002;13:49–65. [PubMed: 11836913]
  • Killaspy H, Ritchie CW, Greer E, Robertson M. Treating the homeless mentally ill: Does a designated inpatient facility improve outcome? Journal of Mental Health. 2004;13:593–599.
  • Kim MM, Arnold EM. Stressful life events and trauma among substance-abusing homeless men. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions. 2004;4:3–19.
  • Kim MM, Ford JD, Howard DL, Bradford DW. Assessing trauma, substance abuse, and mental health in a sample of homeless men. Health & Social Work. 2010;35:39–48. [PubMed: 20218452]
  • Kim MM, Roberts A. Exploring trauma among homeless men in treatment for substance abuse: A qualitative approach. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions. 2004;4:21–32.
  • Kim S, Crutchfield C. An evaluation of substance abuse aftercare program for homeless women with children using confounding variable-control design. Journal of Drug Education. 2004;34:213–233. [PubMed: 15648884]
  • Kim TW, Kertesz SG, Horton NJ, Tibbetts N, Samet JH. Episodic homelessness and health care utilization in a prospective cohort of HIV-infected persons with alcohol problems. BMC Health Services Research. 2006;6:19. [PMC free article: PMC1421395] [PubMed: 16504167]
  • Kingree JB, Stephens T, Braithwaite R, Griffin J. Predictors of homelessness among participants in a substance abuse treatment program. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1999;69:261–266. [PubMed: 10234392]
  • Kirby MW, Braucht GN, Brown E, Krane S, McCann M, VanDeMark N. Dyadic case management as a strategy for prevention of homelessness among chronically debilitated men and women with alcohol and drug dependence. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1999;17:53–71.
  • Kirkpatrick H, Byrne C. A narrative inquiry: Moving on from homelessness for individuals with a major mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2009;16:68–75. [PubMed: 19192088]
  • Kline J, Harris M, Bebout RR, Drake RE. Contrasting integrated and linkage models of treatment for homeless, dually diagnosed adults. New Directions for Mental Health Services. 1991;50:95–106. [PubMed: 1886553]
  • Klinkenberg WD, Caslyn RJ, Morse GA, Yonker RD, McCudden S, Ketema F, et al. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among homeless persons with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003;44:293–302. [PubMed: 12923707]
  • Koegel P, Burnam MA, Farr RK. The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders among homeless individuals in the inner city of Los Angeles. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988;45:1085–1092. [PubMed: 2461690]
  • Koegel P, Sullivan G, Burnam A, Morton SC, Wenzel S. Utilization of mental health and substance abuse services among homeless adults in Los Angeles. Medical Care. 1999;37:306–317. [PubMed: 10098574]
  • Kolos AC, Green EJ, Crenshaw DA. Conducting filial therapy with homeless parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:366–374. [PubMed: 19839674]
  • Kotter JP. Leading change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press; 1996.
  • Koyanagi C. Bazelon Center Issue Brief. Washington, DC: Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law; 2003. A better life—A safer community helping inmates access federal benefits.
  • Kraybill K, Zerger S. Providing treatment for homeless people with substance use disorders: Case studies of six programs. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2003.
  • Kreider B, Nicholson S. Health insurance and the homeless. Health Economics. 1997;6:31–41. [PubMed: 9142529]
  • Kresky-Wolff M, Larson M, O’Brien R, McGraw S. Supportive housing approaches in the Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Homelessness (CICH). Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2010;37:213–225. [PubMed: 20195779]
  • Kreyenbuhl J, Dixon LB, McCarthy JF, Soliman S, Ignacio RV, Valenstein M. Does adherence to medications for type 2 diabetes differ between individuals with vs without schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2010;36:428–435. [PMC free article: PMC2833120] [PubMed: 18718883]
  • Kuhn JH, Nakashima J. Community Homelessness Assessment, Local Education and Networking Group (CHALENG) for Veterans: The fifteenth annual progress report on Public Law 105–114 services for homeless veterans assessment and coordination, March 11, 2009. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs; 2010.
  • Kuhn R, Culhane DP. Applying cluster analysis to test a typology of homelessness by pattern of shelter utilization: Results from the analysis of administrative data. American Journal of Community Psychology. 1998;26:207–232. [PubMed: 9693690]
  • Kuno E, Rothbard AB, Averyt J, Culhane D. Homelessness among persons with serious mental illness in an enhanced community-based mental health system. Psychiatric Services. 2000;51:1012–1016. [PubMed: 10913454]
  • Kurtz SP, Surratt HL, Kiley MC, Inciardi JA. Barriers to health and social services for street-based sex workers. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2005;16:345–361. [PubMed: 15937397]
  • Kushel MB, Hahn JA, Evans JL, Bangsberg DR, Moss AR. Revolving doors: Imprisonment among the homeless and marginally housed population. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95:1747–1752. [PMC free article: PMC1449431] [PubMed: 16186453]
  • Kushel MB, Miaskowski C. End-of-life care for homeless patients: She says she is there to help me in any situation. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006;296:2959–2966. [PubMed: 17190897]
  • Kushel MB, Vittinghoff E, Haas JS. Factors associated with the health care utilization of homeless persons. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001;285:200–206. [PubMed: 11176814]
  • Kyle T, Dunn JR. Effects of housing circumstances on health, quality of life and healthcare use for people with severe mental illness: A review. Health & Social Care in the Community. 2008;16:1–15. [PubMed: 18181811]
  • La Cruz FA, Brehm C, Harris J. Transformation in family nurse practitioner students’ attitudes toward homeless individuals after participation in a homeless outreach clinic. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2004;16:547–554. [PubMed: 15645999]
  • Lam JA, Jekel JF, Thompson KS, Leaf PJ, Hartwell SW, Florio L. Assessing the value of a short-term residential drug treatment program for homeless men. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:21–39. [PubMed: 8929931]
  • Lam JA, Rosenheck R. Social support and service use among homeless persons with serious mental illness. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 1999;45:13–28. [PubMed: 10443246]
  • Lam JA, Rosenheck R. Street outreach for homeless persons with serious mental illness: Is it effective? Medical Care. 1999;37:894–907. [PubMed: 10493468]
  • Lam WKK, Wechsberg W, Zule W. African American women who use crack cocaine: A comparison of mothers who live with and have been separated from their children. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2004;28:1229–1247. [PubMed: 15567026]
  • Lambert EY, Caces MF. Correlates of drug abuse among homeless and transient people in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area in 1991. Public Health Reports. 1995;110:455–461. [PMC free article: PMC1382155] [PubMed: 7638333]
  • Lapham SC, Hall M, Skipper BJ. Homelessness and substance use among alcohol abusers following participation in Project H&ART. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:41–55. [PubMed: 8929932]
  • Lardiere MR, Jones E, Perez M. National Association of Community Health Centers 2010 assessment of behavioral health services provided in federally qualified health centers. Bethesda, MD: National Association of Community Health Centers; 2011.
  • Larimer ME, Malone DK, Garner MD, Atkins DC, Burlingham B, Lonczak HS, et al. Health care and public service use and costs before and after provision of housing for chronically homeless persons with severe alcohol problems. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2009;301:1349–1357. [PubMed: 19336710]
  • LaVecchia FA. Homelessness and acquired brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2006;21:414–415.
  • Law M, Baptiste S, Carswell A, McColl MA, Polatajko H, Pollock N. Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Ottawa, ON: CAOT Publications ACE; 1998. (Rep. No. 2nd ed Rev.)
  • Leaf PJ, Thompson KS, Lam JA, Jekel JF, Armand ET, Evans AE, et al. Partnerships in recovery: Shelter-based services for homeless cocaine abusers: New Haven. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1993;10:77–90.
  • Leal D, Galanter M, Dermatis H, Westreich L. Correlates of protracted homelessness in a sample of dually diagnosed psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1999;16:143–147. [PubMed: 10023612]
  • Lee BA, Schreck CJ. Danger on the streets: Marginality and victimization among homeless people. American Behavioral Scientist. 2005;48:1055–1081.
  • Lee D, Ross MW, Mizwa M, Scott DP. HIV risks in a homeless population. International Journal of STD & AIDS. 2000;11:509–515. [PubMed: 10990335]
  • Lee SS, August GJ, Gewirtz AH, Klimes-Dougan B, Bloomquist ML, Realmuto GM. Identifying unmet mental health needs in children of formerly homeless mothers living in a supportive housing community sector of care. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2010;38:421–432. [PubMed: 20049523]
  • Leff HS, Chow CM, Pepin R, Conley J, Allen IE, Seaman CA. Does one size fit all? What we can and can’t learn from a meta-analysis of housing models for persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60:473–482. [PubMed: 19339322]
  • Leginski W. Toward understanding homelessness: The 2007 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2007. Historical and contextual influences on the U.S. response to contemporary homelessness; pp. 1-1–1-36.
  • Lehman AF, Cordray DS. Prevalence of alcohol, drug, and mental disorders among the homeless: One more time. Contemporary Drug Problems. 1993;20:355–384.
  • Lehman AF, Dixon L, Hoch JS, DeForge B, Kernan E, Frank R. Cost-effectiveness of assertive community treatment for homeless persons with severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;174:346–352. [PubMed: 10533554]
  • Lehman AF, Dixon LB, Kernan E, DeForge BR, Postrado LT. A randomized trial of assertive community treatment for homeless persons with severe mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997;54:1038–1043. [PubMed: 9366661]
  • Lehman AF, Myers CP, Corty E, Thompson JW. Prevalence and patterns of dual diagnosis among psychiatric inpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1994;35:106–112. [PubMed: 8187473]
  • Lemming MR, Calsyn RJ. Utility of the behavioral model in predicting service utilization by individuals suffering from severe mental illness and homelessness. Community Mental Health Journal. 2004;40:347–364. [PubMed: 15453086]
  • Lennon MC, McAllister W, Kuang L, Herman DB. Capturing intervention effects over time: Reanalysis of a critical time intervention for homeless mentally ill men. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95:1760–1766. [PMC free article: PMC1449433] [PubMed: 16131636]
  • Lester KM, Milby JB, Schumacher JE, Vuchinich R, Person S, Clay OJ. Impact of behavioral contingency management intervention on coping behaviors and PTSD symptom reduction in cocaine-addicted homeless. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2007;20:565–575. [PubMed: 17721968]
  • Levin FR, Evans SM, Kleber HD. Prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among cocaine abusers seeking treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1998;52:15–25. [PubMed: 9788002]
  • Levin R, McKean L, Raphael J. Pathways to and from homelessness: Women and children in Chicago shelters. Chicago: Chicago Coalition for the Homeless; 2004.
  • Levitt AJ, Culhane DP, DeGenova J, O’Quinn P, Bainbridge J. Health and social characteristics of homeless adults in Manhattan who were chronically or not chronically unsheltered. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60:978–981. [PubMed: 19564231]
  • Levounis P, Galanter M, Dermatis H, Hamowy A, De Leon G. Correlates of HIV transmission risk factors and considerations for interventions in homeless, chemically addicted and mentally ill patients. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2002;21:61–72. [PubMed: 12095000]
  • Levy JS. Homeless outreach: A developmental model. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 1998;22:123–131.
  • Levy JS. Pathway to a common language: A homeless outreach perspective. Families in Society. 2004;85:371–378.
  • Lewin Group. Costs of serving homeless individuals in nine cities: Chart book. Falls Church, VA: The Lewin Group; 2004.
  • Lewis JR, Boyle DP, Lewis LS, Evans M. Reducing AIDS and substance abuse risk factors among homeless, HIV -infected, drug-using persons. Research on Social Work Practice. 2000;10:15–33.
  • Liberty HJ, Johnson BD, Jainchill N, Ryder J, Messina M, Reynolds S, et al. Dynamic recovery: Comparative study of therapeutic communities in homeless shelters for men. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1998;15:401–423. [PubMed: 9750998]
  • Lieb R, Burley M, Fabritius D. Evaluation of the HOPE Act: Services for street youth. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy; 2002.
  • Lim S, Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck RA. Psychiatric illness and substance abuse among homeless Asian American veterans. Psychiatric Services. 2006;57:704–707. [PubMed: 16675767]
  • Lincoln A, Johnson P, Espejo D, Plachta-Elliott S, Lester P, Shanahan C, et al. The BMC ACCESS Project: The development of a medically enhanced safe haven shelter. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2009;36:478–491. [PubMed: 18830697]
  • Lincoln AK, Plachta-Elliott S, Espejo D. Coming in: An examination of people with co-occurring substance use and serious mental illness exiting chronic homelessness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:236–243. [PubMed: 19485641]
  • Link BG, Susser E, Stueve A, Phelan J, Moore RE, Struening E. Lifetime and five-year prevalence of homelessness in the United States. American Journal of Public Health. 1994;84:1907–1912. [PMC free article: PMC1615395] [PubMed: 7998628]
  • Linn JG, Brown M, Kendrick L. Injection drug use among homeless adults in the Southeast with severe mental illness. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2005;16:83–90. [PubMed: 16327098]
  • Lipton FR, Siegel C, Hannigan A, Samuels J, Baker S. Tenure in supportive housing for homeless persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2000;51:479–486. [PubMed: 10737823]
  • Little J. Harm reduction group therapy. In: Tatarsky A, editor. Harm reduction psychotherapy: A new treatment for drug and alcohol problems. Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson; 2002. pp. 310–346.
  • Little M, Shah R, Vermeulen MJ, Gorman A, Dzendoletas D, Ray JG. Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with homelessness and substance use in pregnancy. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2005;173:615–618. [PMC free article: PMC1197161] [PubMed: 16157725]
  • Lobo S, Vaughan MM. Substance dependency among homeless American Indians. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2003;35:63–70. [PubMed: 12733760]
  • Locke G, Khadduri J, O’Hara A. Toward understanding homelessness: The 2007 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2007. Housing models; pp. 10-1–10-30.
  • Logan TK, Leukefeld C, Farabee D. Sexual and drug use behaviors among women crack users: Implications for prevention. AIDS Education and Prevention. 1998;10:327–340. [PubMed: 9721385]
  • Lomas B, Gartside PS. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among homeless veterans. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48:1331–1333. [PubMed: 9323755]
  • London M, Canitrot J, Dzialdowski A, Bates R, Gwynn A. Contact with treatment services among arrested drug users. Psychiatric Bulletin. 2003;27:214–216.
  • Lopez-Zetina J, Kerndt P, Ford W, Woerhle T, Weber M. Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B and self-reported injection risk behavior during detention among street-recruited injection drug users in Los Angeles County, 1994–1996. Addiction. 2001;96:589–595. [PubMed: 11300962]
  • Lovell AN, Cohen M. The elaboration of “choice” in a program for homeless persons. Human Organization. 1998;57:8–20.
  • Lovisi GM. Homelessness and mental illness: A literature review and a qualitative study of perceptions of the adequacy of care. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2006;52:479–480. [PubMed: 17278349]
  • Lu W, Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Jankowski MK. Correlates of adverse childhood experiences among adults with severe mood disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2008;59:1018–1026. [PubMed: 18757595]
  • Lubran B. Alcohol and drug abuse among the homeless population: A national response. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1990;7:11–23.
  • Luchins DJ, Roberts DL, Hanrahan P. Provision of protective payee status: A guideline developed for the Behavioral Health Recovery Management project. Peoria, IL: Fayette Companies; 2005.
  • Lundgren LM, Schilling RF, Ferguson F, Davis K, Amodeo M. Examining drug treatment program entry of injection drug users: Human capital and institutional disaffiliation. Evaluation and Program Planning. 2003;26:123–132. [PubMed: 24011480]
  • Lundy JW. The burden of comorbidity among the homeless at a drop-in clinic. Official Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 1999;12:32–38. 41. [PubMed: 10728080]
  • Madras BK, Compton WM, Avula D, Stegbauer T, Stein JB, Clark HW. Screening, Brief Interventions, Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) for illicit drug and alcohol use at multiple healthcare sites: Comparison at intake and 6 months later. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2009;99:280–295. [PMC free article: PMC2760304] [PubMed: 18929451]
  • Magee C, Huriaux E. Ladies’ night: Evaluating a drop-in programme for homeless and marginally housed women in San Francisco’s mission district. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2008;19:113–121. [PubMed: 18313280]
  • Magura S, Laudet AB, Mahmood D, Rosenblum A, Knight E. Adherence to medication regimens and participation in dual-focus self-help groups. Psychiatric Services. 2002;53:310–316. [PMC free article: PMC1868660] [PubMed: 11875225]
  • Magura S, Nwakeze PC, Rosenblum A, Joseph H. Substance misuses and related infectious diseases in a soup kitchen population. Substance Use & Misuse. 2000;35:551–583. [PubMed: 10741541]
  • Mahdi AS, McBride AJ. Intravenous injection of alcohol by drug injectors: Report of three cases. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 1999;34:918–919. [PubMed: 10659730]
  • Malcolm BP. Evaluating the effects of self-esteem on substance abuse among homeless men. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education. 2004;48:39–61.
  • Malone DK. Assessing criminal history as a predictor of future housing success for homeless adults with behavioral health disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60:224–230. [PubMed: 19176417]
  • Maniglio R. Severe mental illness and criminal victimization: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2009;119:180–191. [PubMed: 19016668]
  • Mares A, Rosenheck R. Twelve-month client outcomes and service use in a multisite project for chronically homelessness adults. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2010;37:167–183. [PubMed: 19350394]
  • Mares AS, Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck RA. Outcomes of supported housing for homeless veterans with psychiatric and substance abuse problems. Mental Health Services Research. 2004;6:199–211. [PubMed: 15588031]
  • Mares AS, Rosenheck RA. A comparison of treatment outcomes among chronically homeless adults receiving comprehensive housing and health care services versus usual local care. Administration and Policy in Mental Health. 2011;38:459–475. [PubMed: 21259068]
  • Mares AS, Rosenheck RA. One-year housing arrangements among homeless adults with serious mental illness in the ACCESS program. Psychiatric Services. 2004;55:566–574. [PubMed: 15128966]
  • Mares AS, Rosenheck RA. Perceived relationship between military service and homelessness among homeless veterans with mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2004;192:715–719. [PubMed: 15457118]
  • Marlatt GA, Witkiewitz K. Update on harm-reduction policy and intervention research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2010;6:591–606. [PubMed: 20192791]
  • Marra JV, Lin HJ, McCarthy E, Ford J, Rodis E, Frisman LK. Effects of social support and conflict on parenting among homeless mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:348–356. [PubMed: 19839672]
  • Marrero CA, Robles RR, Colon HM, Reyes JC, Matos TD, Sahai H, et al. Factors associated with drug treatment dropout among injection drug users in Puerto Rico. Addictive Behaviors. 2005;30:397–402. [PubMed: 15621413]
  • Marshall M, Crowther R, Almaraz-Serrano A, Creed F, Sledge W, Kluiter H, et al. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of day care for people with severe mental disorders: (1) acute day hospital versus admission; (2) vocational rehabilitation; (3) day hospital versus outpatient care. Health Technology Assessment. 2001;5:1–75. [PubMed: 11532238]
  • Martens WH. A review of physical and mental health in homeless persons. Public Health Reviews. 2001;29:13–33. [PubMed: 11780714]
  • Martinez TE, Burt MR. Impact of permanent supportive housing on the use of acute care health services by homeless adults. Psychiatric Services. 2006;57:992–999. [PubMed: 16816284]
  • Martino S, Carroll K, Kostas D, Perkins J, Rounsaville B. Dual diagnosis motivational interviewing: A modification of motivational interviewing for substance-abusing patients with psychotic disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2002;23:297–308. [PMC free article: PMC3865805] [PubMed: 12495791]
  • Martino S, Carroll KM, Nich C, Rounsaville BJ. A randomized controlled pilot study of motivational interviewing for patients with psychotic and drug use disorders. Addiction. 2006;101:1479–1492. [PubMed: 16968350]
  • Martino S, Carroll KM, O’Malley SS, Rounsaville BJ. Motivational interviewing with psychiatrically ill substance abusing patients. American Journal on Addictions. 2000;9:88–91. [PubMed: 10914297]
  • Mayes J, Handley S. Evolving a model for integrated treatment in a residential setting for people with psychiatric and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2005;29:59–62. [PubMed: 16075699]
  • McBride TD, Calsyn RJ, Morse GA, Klinkenberg WD, Allen GA. Duration of homeless spells among severely mentally ill individuals: A survival analysis. Journal of Community Psychology. 1998;26:473–490.
  • McCarthy M. CRS report for Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service; 2005. Homelessness: Recent statistics, targeted Federal programs, and recent legislation.
  • McCarty D, Argeriou M, Huebner RB, Lubran B. Alcoholism, drug abuse, and the homeless. American Psychologist. 1991;46:1139–1148. [PubMed: 1772151]
  • McColl MA, Patterson M, Davies D, Doubt L, Law M. Validity and community utility of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2000;67:22–30. [PubMed: 10695166]
  • McCracken LM, Black MP. Psychiatric treatment of the homeless in a group-based therapeutic community: A preliminary field investigation. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. 2005;55:595–604. [PubMed: 16232115]
  • McDonald DY. An evaluation of the effectiveness of a jail-based public inebriate treatment and intervention program, Master’s thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg, VA: 2001.
  • McGeary KA, French MT, Sacks S, McKendrick K, De LG. Service use and cost by mentally ill chemical abusers: Differences by retention in a therapeutic community. Journal of Substance Abuse. 2000;11:265–279. [PubMed: 11026125]
  • McGourty LK. Kohlman Evaluation of Living Skills. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Products; 1999.
  • McGovern MP, Wrisley BR, Drake RE. Special section on relapse prevention: Relapse of substance use disorder and its prevention among persons with co-occurring disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56:1270–1273. [PubMed: 16215194]
  • McGraw S, Larson M, Foster S, Kresky-Wolff M, Botelho E, Elstad E, et al. Adopting best practices: Lessons learned in the Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Homelessness (CICH). Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2010;37:197–212. [PubMed: 19644759]
  • McGuire J, Gelberg L, Blue-Howells J, Rosenheck RA. Access to primary care for homeless veterans with serious mental illness or substance abuse: A follow-up evaluation of co-located primary care and homeless social services. Administration and Policy in Mental Health. 2009;36:255–264. [PubMed: 19280333]
  • McGuire J, Rosenheck RA, Kasprow WJ. Health status, service use, and costs among veterans receiving outreach services in jail or community settings. Psychiatric Services. 2003;54:201–207. [PubMed: 12556601]
  • McGuire JF, Rosenheck RA. Criminal history as a prognostic indicator in the treatment of homeless people with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2004;55:42–48. [PubMed: 14699199]
  • McHugo GJ, Bebout RR, Harris M, Cleghorn S, Herring G, Xie H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of integrated versus parallel housing services for homeless adults with severe mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2004;30:969–982. [PubMed: 15957201]
  • McKenzie M, Tulsky JP, Long HL, Chesney M, Moss A. Tracking and follow-up of marginalized populations: A review. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 1999;10:409–429. [PubMed: 10581885]
  • McLellan AT. Reconsidering addiction treatment: How can treatment be more accountable and effective? Philadelphia: Treatment Research Institute; 2006.
  • McMurray-Avila M, Gelberg L, Breakey WR. Practical lessons: The 1998 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Developmentand U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1999. Balancing act: Clinical practices that respond to the needs of homeless people; pp. 8-1–8-44.
  • McNamara C, Schumacher JE, Milby JB, Wallace D, Usdan S. Prevalence of nonpsychotic mental disorders does not affect treatment outcome in a homeless cocaine-dependent sample. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2001;27:91–106. [PubMed: 11373038]
  • McNaughton CC. Transitions through homelessness, substance use, and the effect of material marginalization and psychological trauma. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy. 2008;15:177–188.
  • McNiel DE, Binder RL. Psychiatric emergency service use and homelessness, mental disorder, and violence. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56:699–704. [PubMed: 15939946]
  • McNiel DE, Binder RL, Robinson JC. Incarceration associated with homelessness, mental disorder, and co-occurring substance abuse. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56:840–846. [PubMed: 16020817]
  • McQuistion HL, Felix A, Susser ES. Serving homeless people with mental illness. In: Tasman A, Lieberman J, Kay J, editors. Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley; 2003. pp. 2314–2321.
  • McQuistion HL, Felix AD, Samuels J. Serving people who have mental illness and homelessness. In: Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, First MB, Maj M, editors. Psychiatry. 3rd ed. Chichester, England: John Wiley; 2008. pp. 2526–2537.
  • McQuistion HL, Finnerty M, Hirschowitz J, Susser ES. Challenges for psychiatry in serving homeless people with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2003;54:669–676. [PubMed: 12719496]
  • McQuistion HL, Gillig PM. Mental illness and homelessness: An introduction. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 1–8.
  • Meade CS, Sikkema KJ. Psychiatric and psychosocial correlates of sexual risk behavior among adults with severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal. 2007;43:153–169. [PubMed: 17143728]
  • Medalia A, Richardson R. What predicts a good response to cognitive remediation interventions? Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2005;31:942–953. [PubMed: 16120830]
  • Medalia A, Herlands T, Baginsky C. Rehab rounds: Cognitive remediation in the supportive housing setting. Psychiatric Services. 2003;54:1219–1220. [PubMed: 12954935]
  • Meisler N, Blankertz L, Santos AB, McKay C. Impact of assertive community treatment on homeless persons with co-occurring severe psychiatric and substance use disorders. Community Mental Health Journal. 1997;33:113–122. [PubMed: 9145253]
  • Meschede T. Bridges and barriers to housing for chronically homeless street dwellers: The effects of health and substance abuse services on housing outcomes. Boston: University of Massachusetts; 2004.
  • Meschede T. Accessing housing: Exploring the impact of medical and substance abuse services on housing attainment for chronically homeless street dwellers. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 2010;20:153–169.
  • Metraux S, Culhane DP. Recent incarceration history among a sheltered homeless population. Crime & Delinquency. 2006;52:504–517.
  • Metraux S, Culhane D, Raphael S, White M, Pearson C, Hirsch E, et al. Assessing homeless population size through the use of emergency and transitional shelter services in 1998: Results from the analysis of administrative data from nine US jurisdictions. Public Health Reports. 2001;116:344–352. [PMC free article: PMC1497347] [PubMed: 12037263]
  • Metzger DS, Culhane DP. Homelessness and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users. Journal of Urban Health. 2004;81:618–629. [PMC free article: PMC3455922] [PubMed: 15466843]
  • Meyer IH, Schwartz S. Social issues as public health: Promise and peril. American Journal of Public Health. 2000;90:1189–1191. [PMC free article: PMC1446330] [PubMed: 10936991]
  • Mierlak D, Galanter M, Spivack N, Dermatis H, Jurewicz E, De Leon G. Modified therapeutic community treatment for homeless dually diagnosed men: Who completes treatment? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1998;15:117–121. [PubMed: 9561950]
  • Miescher A, Galanter M. Shelter-based treatment of the homeless alcoholic. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1996;13:135–140. [PubMed: 8880671]
  • Milby JB, Schumacher J. Homeless populations. In: Higgins ST, Silverman K, Heil SH, editors. Contingency management in substance abuse treatment. New York: Guilford Press; 2008. pp. 161–181.
  • Milby JB, Schumacher JE, McNamara C, Wallace D, Usdan S. Initiating abstinence in cocaine abusing dually diagnosed homeless persons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2000;60:55–67. [PubMed: 10821990]
  • Milby JB, Schumacher JE, Raczynski JM, Caldwell E, Engle M, Michael M, et al. Sufficient conditions for effective treatment of substance abusing homeless persons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1996;43:39–47. [PubMed: 8957141]
  • Milby JB, Schumacher JE, Vuchinich RE, Freedman MJ, Kertesz S, Wallace D. Toward cost-effective initial care for substance-abusing homeless. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2008;34:180–191. [PMC free article: PMC2764243] [PubMed: 17512156]
  • Milby JB, Schumacher JE, Vuchinich RE, Wallace D, Plant MA, Freedman MJ, et al. Transitions during effective treatment for cocaine-abusing homeless persons: Establishing abstinence, lapse, and relapse, and reestablishing abstinence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors. 2004;18:250–256. [PubMed: 15482080]
  • Milby JB, Schumacher JE, Wallace D, Freedman MJ, Vuchinich RE. To house or not to house: The effects of providing housing to homeless substance abusers in treatment. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95:1259–1265. [PMC free article: PMC1449349] [PubMed: 15983278]
  • Milby JB, Schumacher JE, Wallace D, Frison S, McNamara C, Usdan S, et al. Day treatment with contingency management for cocaine abuse in homeless persons: 12-month follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003;71:619–621. [PubMed: 12795584]
  • Milby JB, Schumacher JE, Wallace D, Vuchinich R, Mennemeyer ST, Kertesz SG. Effects of sustained abstinence among treated substance-abusing homeless persons on housing and employment. American Journal of Public Health. 2010;100:913–918. [PMC free article: PMC2853629] [PubMed: 19833998]
  • Miller WR, Hester RK. Treatment for alcohol problems: Toward an informed eclecticism. In: Hester RK, Miller WR, editors. Handbook of alcoholism treatment approaches: Effective alternatives. 2nd ed. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 1995. pp. 1–11.
  • Min S-Y, Whitecraft J, Rothbard AB, Salzer MS. Peer support for persons with co-occurring disorders and community tenure: A survival analysis. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2007;30:207–213. [PubMed: 17269271]
  • Min SY, Wong YL, Rothbard AB. Outcomes of shelter use among homeless persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2004;55:284–289. [PubMed: 15001729]
  • Minkoff K. Developing standards of care for individuals with co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52:597–599. [PubMed: 11331791]
  • Mojtabai R. Perceived reasons for loss of housing and continued homelessness among homeless persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56:172–178. [PubMed: 15703344]
  • Molina E. Informal non-kin networks among homeless Latino and African American men: Forms and functions. American Behavioral Scientist. 2000;43:663–686.
  • Montgomery P, Forchuk C, Duncan C, Rose D, Bailey PH, Veluri R. Supported housing programs for persons with serious mental illness in rural northern communities: A mixed method evaluation. BMC Health Services Research. 2008;8:156. [PMC free article: PMC2527314] [PubMed: 18652689]
  • Moore KA, Young MS, Barrett B, Ochshorn E. A 12-month follow-up evaluation of integrated treatment for homeless individuals with co-occurring disorders. Journal of Social Service Research. 2009;35:322–335.
  • Moran G, Semansky R, Quinn E, Noftsinger R, Koenig T. Evaluability assessment of discharge planning and the prevention of homelessness: Final report. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; 2005.
  • Morrell-Bellai T, Goering PN, Boydell KM. Becoming and remaining homeless: A qualitative investigation. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2000;21:581–604. [PubMed: 11271135]
  • Morrison DS. Homelessness as an independent risk factor for mortality: Results from a retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2009;38:877–883. [PubMed: 19304988]
  • Morrison S. Self management support helping clients set goals to improve their health. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2007.
  • Morse G. Practical lessons: The 1998 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1999. A review of case management for people who are homeless: Implications for practice, policy, and research; pp. 7-1–7-34.
  • Morse GA, Calsyn RJ, Dean Klinkenberg W, Helminiak TW, Wolff N, Drake RE, et al. Treating homeless clients with severe mental illness and substance use disorders: Costs and outcomes. Community Mental Health Journal. 2006;42:377–404. [PubMed: 16897413]
  • Morse GA, Calsyn RJ, Klinkenberg WD, Trusty ML, Gerber F, Smith R, et al. An experimental comparison of three types of case management for homeless mentally ill persons. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48:497–503. [PubMed: 9090733]
  • Morse GA, Calsyn RJ, Miller J, Rosenberg P, West L, Gilliland J. Outreach to homeless mentally ill people: Conceptual and clinical considerations. Community Mental Health Journal. 1996;32:261–274. [PubMed: 8790968]
  • Mueser KT, Crocker AG, Frisman LB, Drake RE, Covell NH, Essock SM. Conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder in persons with severe psychiatric and substance use disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2006;32:626–636. [PMC free article: PMC2632266] [PubMed: 16574783]
  • Mueser KT, Salyers MP, Rosenberg SD, Goodman LA, Essock SM, Osher FC, et al. Interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with severe mental illness: Demographic, clinical, and health correlates. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2004;30:45–57. [PubMed: 15176761]
  • Mulhall E. Women warriors: Supporting she “who has borne the battle.”. New York: Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America; 2009.
  • Muñoz JP, Dix S, Reichenbach D. Building productive roles: Occupational therapy in a homeless shelter. Occupational Therapy in Health Care. 2006;20:167–187. [PubMed: 23926939]
  • Muñoz JP, Garcia T, Lisak J, Riechenbach D. Assessing occupational performance priorities of people who are homeless. Occupational Therapy in Health Care. 2006;20:135–148. [PubMed: 23926937]
  • Muñoz JP, Reichenbach D, Hansen AMW. Project Employ: Engineering hope and breaking down barriers to homelessness. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation. 2005;25:241–252. [PubMed: 16179773]
  • Murphy RA, Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck RA. Predictors of children’s involvement in parents’ treatment among homeless veterans in community residential care. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56:1147–1149. [PubMed: 16148333]
  • Nabors LA, Weist MD, Shugarman R, Woeste MJ, Mullet E, Rosner L. Assessment, prevention, and intervention activities in a school-based program for children experiencing homelessness. Behavior Modification. 2004;28:565–578. [PubMed: 15186516]
  • Najavits LM. Implementing Seeking Safety therapy for PTSD and substance abuse: Clinical guidelines. Peoria, IL: Fayette Companies; 2002.
  • Nakashima J, Burnette CW, McGuire JF, Sheely A. Services for homeless veterans assessment and coordination. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; 2007. Community Homelessness Assessment, Local Education and Networking Group (CHALENG) for Veterans The thirteenth annual progress report on Public Law; pp. 105–114.
  • Nakonezny PA, Ojeda M. Health services utilization between older and younger homeless adults. Gerontologist. 2005;45:249–254. [PubMed: 15799990]
  • Nardacci D. Psychiatric inpatient settings. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 91–105.
  • National Alliance to End Homelessness. Chronic homelessness. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2007.
  • National Alliance to End Homelessness. Homelessness counts. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2007.
  • National Alliance to End Homelessness. Alliance Online News. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2008. Study demonstrates effectiveness of Housing First.
  • National Coalition for the Homeless. NCH Fact Sheet #2. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2006. How many people experience homelessness?
  • National Coalition for the Homeless. NCH Fact Sheet #3. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2006. Who is homeless?
  • National Coalition for the Homeless. NCH Fact Sheet #1. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2006. Why are people homeless?
  • National Coalition for the Homeless & National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty. A dream denied: The criminalization of homelessness in US cities. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2006.
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIAAA: Social work education for the prevention and treatment of alcohol use disorders. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2005. Case examples.
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIAAA social work education for the prevention and treatment of alcohol use disorders. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2005. Module 10D: Alcohol use disorders in homeless populations.
  • Neaigus A, Miller M, Friedman SR, Hagen DL, Sifaneck SJ, Ildefonso G, et al. Potential risk factors for the transition to injecting among non-injecting heroin users: A comparison of former injectors and never injectors. Addiction. 2001;96:847–860. [PubMed: 11399216]
  • Nelson G, Aubry T, Lafrance A. A review of the literature on the effectiveness of housing and support, assertive community treatment, and intensive case management interventions for persons with mental illness who have been homeless. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2007;77:350–361. [PubMed: 17696663]
  • Nelson G, Clarke J, Febbraro A, Hatzipantelis M. A narrative approach to the evaluation of supportive housing: Stories of homeless people who have experienced serious mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2005;29:98–104. [PubMed: 16268004]
  • Network for the Improvement of Addiction Treatment. Workbook: An introduction to the NIATx model of process improvement. Madison, WI: Network for the Improvement of Addiction Treatment; 2007.
  • New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Subcommittee on housing and homelessness: Background paper. Alexandria, VA: New Freedom Commission on Mental Health; 2004.
  • Ng AT. Mobile crisis teams. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 73–82.
  • Ng AT, McQuistion HL. Outreach to the homeless: Craft, science, and future implications. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2004;10:95–105. [PubMed: 15330405]
  • Nicholson J, Hinden BR, Biebel K, Henry AD, Katz-Leavy J. A qualitative study of programs for parents with serious mental illness and their children: Building practice-based evidence. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2007;34:395–413. [PubMed: 17503187]
  • North CS, Eyrich KM, Pollio DE, Foster DA, Cottler LB, Spitznagel EL. The Homeless Supplement to the Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Test–retest analyses. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2004;13:184–191. [PMC free article: PMC6878567] [PubMed: 15297902]
  • North CS, Eyrich KM, Pollio DE, Spitznagel EL. Are rates of psychiatric disorders changing over time in the homeless population?; Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association; Atlanta, GA. Oct, 2001.
  • North CS, Eyrich KM, Pollio DE, Spitznagel EL. Are rates of psychiatric disorders in the homeless population changing? American Journal of Public Health. 2004;94:103–108. [PMC free article: PMC1449834] [PubMed: 14713706]
  • North CS, Eyrich-Garg KM, Pollio DE, Thirthalli J. A prospective study of substance use and housing stability in a homeless population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2010;45:1055–1062. [PubMed: 19816646]
  • North CS, Pollio DE, Smith EM, Spitznagel EL. Correlates of early onset and chronicity of homelessness in a large urban homeless population. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998;186:393–400. [PubMed: 9680039]
  • North CS, Smith EM. Posttraumatic stress disorder among homeless men and women. Psychiatric Services. 1992;43:1010–1016. [PubMed: 1398564]
  • North CS, Smith EM. Violence and the homeless: An epidemiologic study of victimization and aggression. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1994;7:95–110. [PubMed: 8044446]
  • North CS, Smith EM, Spitznagel EL. Is antisocial personality a valid diagnosis among the homeless? American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;150:578–583. [PubMed: 8465873]
  • North CS, Thompson SJ, Pollio DE, Ricci DA, Smith EM. A diagnostic comparison of homeless and nonhomeless patients in an urban mental health clinic. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1997;32:236–240. [PubMed: 9184470]
  • North CS, Thompson SJ, Smith EM, Kyburz LM. Violence in the lives of homeless mothers in a substance abuse treatment program: A descriptive study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 1996;11:234–249.
  • Norton BC. Healthcare protocol: Adult chronic mental health. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2010.
  • Norton BC. Healthcare protocol: Adult urgent mental health. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2010.
  • Norwood W, Averill P, Schumacher JE, Milby J, Llewellyn A, Rhoades H. Technology transfer of behavioral day treatment with contingency management for dually diagnosed homeless substance abusers, Paper presented at the 66th annual scientific meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2004.
  • Nuttbrock L, McQuistion H, Rosenblum A, Magura S. Broadening perspectives on mobile medical outreach to homeless people. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2003;14:5–16. [PubMed: 12613064]
  • Nuttbrock LA, Rahav M, Rivera JJ, Ng-Mak DS, Link BG. Outcomes of homeless mentally ill chemical abusers in communityresidences and a therapeutic community. Psychiatric Services. 1998;49:68–76. [PubMed: 9444683]
  • Nuttbrock LH, Ng-Mak DS, Rahav M, Rivera JJ. Pre- and post-admission attrition of homeless, mentally ill chemical abusers referred to residential treatment programs. Addiction. 1997;92:1305–1315. [PubMed: 9489047]
  • Nwakeze PC, Magura S, Rosenblum A. Drug problem recognition, desire for help, and treatment readiness in a soup kitchen population. Substance Use & Misuse. 2002;37:291–312. [PubMed: 11913905]
  • Nwakeze PC, Magura S, Rosenblum A, Joseph H. Homelessness, substance misuse, and access to public entitlements in a soup kitchen population. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003;38:645–668. [PubMed: 12747400]
  • Nyamathi A, Bayley L, Anderson N, Keenan C, Leake B. Perceived factors influencing the initiation of drug and alcohol use among homeless women and reported consequences of use. Women & Health. 1999;29:99–114. [PubMed: 10427651]
  • Nyamathi A, Dixon EL, Shoptaw S, Marfisee M, Gelberg L, Williams S, et al. Profile of lifetime methamphetamine use among homeless adults in Los Angeles. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2008;92:277–281. [PMC free article: PMC2214821] [PubMed: 17681434]
  • Nyamathi A, Flaskerud J, Keenan C, Leake B. Effectiveness of a specialized vs. traditional AIDS education program attended by homeless and drug-addicted women alone or with supportive persons. AIDS Education and Prevention. 1998;10:433–446. [PubMed: 9799939]
  • Nyamathi A, Flaskerud J, Leake B. HIV-risk behaviors and mental health characteristics among homeless or drug-recovering women and their closest sources of social support. Nursing Research. 1997;46:133–137. [PubMed: 9176502]
  • Nyamathi A, Galaif ER, Leake B. A comparison of homeless women and their intimate partners. Journal of Community Psychology. 1999;27:489–502.
  • Nyamathi A, Keenan C, Bayley L. Differences in personal, cognitive, psychological, and social factors associated with drug and alcohol use and nonuse by homeless women. Research in Nursing & Health. 1998;21:525–532. [PubMed: 9839797]
  • Nyamathi A, Leake B, Keenan C, Gelberg L. Type of social support among homeless women: Its impact on psychosocial resources, health and health behaviors, and use of health services. Nursing Research. 2000;49:318–326. [PubMed: 11093696]
  • Nyamathi A, Leake B, Longshore D, Gelberg L. Reliability of homeless women’s reports: Concordance between hair assay and self report of cocaine use. Nursing Research. 2001;50:165–171. [PubMed: 11393638]
  • Nyamathi A, Longshore D, Galaif ER, Leake B. Motivation to stop substance use and psychological and environmental characteristics of homeless women. Addictive Behaviors. 2004;29:1839–1843. [PubMed: 15530726]
  • Nyamathi A, Sands H, Pattatucci-Aragon A, Berg J, Leake B. Tuberculosis knowledge, perceived risk and risk behaviors among homeless adults: Effect of ethnicity and injection drug use. Journal of Community Health. 2004;29:483–497. [PubMed: 15587347]
  • Nyamathi A, Stein JA, Brecht ML. Psychosocial predictors of AIDS risk behavior and drug use behavior in homeless and drug addicted women of color. Health Psychology. 1995;14:265–273. [PubMed: 7641668]
  • Nyamathi A, Wenzel S, Keenan C, Leake B, Gelberg L. Associations between homeless women’s intimate relationships and their health and well-being. Research in Nursing & Health. 1999;22:486–495. [PubMed: 10625864]
  • Nyamathi AM, Dixon EL, Robbins W, Smith C, Wiley D, Leake B, et al. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among homeless adults. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2002;17:134–143. [PMC free article: PMC1495011] [PubMed: 11841529]
  • Nyamathi AM, Dixon EL, Wiley D, Christiani A, Lowe A. Hepatitis C virus infection among homeless men referred from a community clinic. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 2006;28:475–488. [PubMed: 16672633]
  • Nyamathi AM, Leake B, Gelberg L. Sheltered versus nonsheltered homeless women: Differences in health, behavior, victimization, and utilization of care. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2000;15:565–572. [PMC free article: PMC1495574] [PubMed: 10940149]
  • Nyamathi AM, Sands H, Pattatucci-Aragon A, Berg J, Leake B. Tuberculosis knowledge, perceived risk and risk behaviors among homeless adults: Effect of ethnicity and injection drug use. Journal of Community Health. 2004;29:483–497. [PubMed: 15587347]
  • Nyamathi AM, Stein JA. Assessing the impact of HIV risk reduction counseling in impoverished African American women: A structural equations approach. AIDS Education and Prevention. 1997;9:253–273. [PubMed: 9241391]
  • Nyamathi AM, Stein JA, Dixon E, Longshore D, Galaif E. Predicting positive attitudes about quitting drug and alcohol use among homeless women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2003;17:32–41. [PubMed: 12665079]
  • Nyamathi AM, Stein JA, Swanson JM. Personal, cognitive, behavioral, and demographic predictors of HIV testing and STDs in homeless women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2000;23:123–147. [PubMed: 10833676]
  • O’Campo P, Kirst M, Schaefer-McDaniel N, Firestone M, Scott A, McShane K. Community-based services for homeless adults experiencing concurrent mental health and substance use disorders: A realist approach to synthesizing evidence. Journal of Urban Health. 2009;86:965–989. [PMC free article: PMC2791817] [PubMed: 19760155]
  • O’Connell JJ. Premature mortality in homeless populations: A review of the literature. Nashville, TN: National Healthcare for the Homeless Council; 2005.
  • O’Connell JJ, Quick PD, Zevin BD, Post PA. Documenting disability: Simple strategies for medical providers. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2004.
  • O’Connell MJ, Kasprow W, Rosenheck R. Direct placement versus multistage models of supported housing in a population of veterans who are homeless. Psychological Services. 2009;6:190–201.
  • O’Connell M, Kasprow W, Rosenheck RA. National dissemination of supported housing in the VA: Model adherence versus model modification. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2010;33:308–319. [PubMed: 20374989]
  • O’Connell M, Rosenheck R, Kasprow W, Frisman L. An examination of fulfilled housing preferences and quality of life among homeless persons with mental illness and/or substance use disorders. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2006;33:354–365. [PubMed: 16752112]
  • O’Hara A. Housing for people with mental illness: Update of a report to the President’s New Freedom Commission. Psychiatric Services. 2007;58:907–913. [PubMed: 17602005]
  • O’Toole TP, Conde-Martel A, Gibbon JL, Hanusa BH, Fine MJ. Health care of homeless veterans: Why are some individuals falling through the safety net? Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2003;18:929–933. [PMC free article: PMC1494947] [PubMed: 14687279]
  • O’Toole TP, Conde-Martel A, Gibbon JL, Hanusa BH, Freyder PJ, Fine MJ. Substance-abusing urban homeless in the late 1990s: How do they differ from non-substance-abusing homeless persons? Journal of Urban Health. 2004;81:606–617. [PMC free article: PMC3455928] [PubMed: 15466842]
  • O’Toole TP, Freyder PJ, Gibbon JL, Hanusa BJ, Seltzer D, Fine MJ. ASAM patient placement criteria treatment levels: Do they correspond to care actually received by homeless substance abusing adults? Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2004;23:1–15. [PubMed: 15077836]
  • O’Toole TP, Gibbon JL, Hanusa BH, Freyder PJ, Conde AM, Fine MJ. Self-reported changes in drug and alcohol use after becoming homeless. American Journal of Public Health. 2004;94:830–835. [PMC free article: PMC1448345] [PubMed: 15117708]
  • O’Toole TP, Gibbon JL, Seltzer D, Hanusa BH, Fine MJ. Urban homelessness and poverty during economic prosperity and welfare reform: Changes in self-reported comorbidities, insurance, and sources for usual care, 1995–1997. Journal of Urban Health. 2002;79:200–210. [PMC free article: PMC3456809] [PubMed: 12023495]
  • Oakes PM, Davies RC. Intellectual disability in homeless adults: A prevalence study. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities. 2008;12:325–334. [PubMed: 19074937]
  • Oakley DA, Dennis DL. Responding to the needs of homeless people with alcohol, drug, and/or mental disorders. In: Baumohl J, editor. Homelessness in America. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press; 1996. pp. 179–186.
  • Office of Applied Studies. DASIS Report. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2004. Characteristics of homeless female admissions to substance abuse treatment: 2002.
  • Office of Applied Studies. DASIS report. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2006. Homeless admissions to substance abuse Treatment: 2004.
  • Okuyemi KS, Caldwell AR, Thomas JL, Born W, Richter KP, Nollen N, et al. Homelessness and smoking cessation: Insights from focus groups. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2006;8:287–296. [PubMed: 16766421]
  • Okuyemi KS, James AS, Mayo MS, Nollen N, Catley D, Choi WS, et al. Pathways to health: A cluster randomized trial of nicotine gum and motivational interviewing for smoking cessation in low-income housing. Health Education & Behavior. 2007;34:43–54. [PubMed: 16778147]
  • Okuyemi KS, Thomas JL, Hall S, Nollen NL, Richter KP, Jeffries SK, et al. Smoking cessation in homeless populations: A pilot clinical trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2006;8:689–699. [PubMed: 17008196]
  • Olivet J, McGraw S, Grandin M, Bassuk E. Staffing challenges and strategies for organizations serving individuals who have experienced chronic homelessness. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2010;37:226–238. [PubMed: 20052621]
  • Olmstead TA, Sindelar JL, Petry NM. Clinic variation in the cost-effectiveness of contingency management. American Journal on Addictions. 2007;16:457–460. [PMC free article: PMC3072219] [PubMed: 18058410]
  • Onen SH, Onen F, Mangeon JP, Abidi H, Courpron P, Schmidt J. Alcohol abuse and dependence in elderly emergency department patients. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2005;41:191–200. [PubMed: 16085071]
  • Opler LA, White L, Caton CLM, Dominguez B, Hirshfield S, Shrout PE. Gender differences in the relationship of homelessness to symptom severity, substance abuse, and neuroleptic noncompliance in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001;189:449–456. [PubMed: 11504322]
  • Orcutt JD, Rudy DR. Drugs, alcohol, and social problems. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield; 2003.
  • Orwin RG, Garrison-Mogren R, Jacobs ML, Sonnefeld LJ. Retention of homeless clients in substance abuse treatment. Findings from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Cooperative Agreement Program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1999;17:45–66. [PubMed: 10435252]
  • Orwin RG, Scott CK, Arieira C. Transitions through homelessness and factors that predict them: Three-year treatment outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2005;28:S23–S39. [PubMed: 15797636]
  • Osher F, Steadman HJ, Barr H. A best practice approach to community re-entry from jails for inmates with co-occurring disorders: The APIC model. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2002.
  • Ottenbacher KJ, Cusick A. Goal attainment scaling as a method of clinical service evaluation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1990;44:519–525. [PubMed: 2353720]
  • Oudens E, McQuistion HL. Single adults in shelters. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide to the treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 21–34.
  • Ouimette PC, Ahrens C, Moos RH, Finney JW. Posttraumatic stress disorder in substance abuse patients: Relationship to 1-year posttreatment outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 1997;11:34–47.
  • Padgett DK, Gulcur L, Tsemberis S. Housing First services for people who are homeless with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance abuse. Research on Social Work Practice. 2006;16:74–83.
  • Padgett DK, Hawkins RL, Abrams C, Davis A. In their own words: Trauma and substance abuse in the lives of formerly homeless women with serious mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2006;76:461–467. [PubMed: 17209714]
  • Palepu A, Horton NJ, Tibbetts N, Meli S, Samet JH. Substance abuse treatment and hospitalization among a cohort of HIV-infected individuals with alcohol problems. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2005;29:389–394. [PubMed: 15770114]
  • Palepu A, Marshall BD, Lai C, Wood E, Kerr T. Addiction treatment and stable housing among a cohort of injection drug users. PLoS One. 2010;5:e11697. [PMC free article: PMC2908142] [PubMed: 20657732]
  • Palubinsky BZ, Watson BH. The Bridges to Work Demonstration first report to the field. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1997.
  • Paquette K, Bassuk EL. Parenting and homelessness: Overview and introduction to the special section. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:292–298. [PubMed: 19839665]
  • Park JM, Metraux S, Culhane DP. Behavioral health services use among heads of homeless and housed poor families. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2010;21:582–590. [PubMed: 20453358]
  • Park MJ, Tyrer P, Elsworth E, Fox J, Ukoumunne OC, MacDonald A. The measurement of engagement in the homeless mentally ill: The Homeless Engagement and Acceptance Scale—HEAS. Psychological Medicine. 2002;32:855–861. [PubMed: 12171379]
  • Pasic J, Russo J, Roy-Byrne P. High utilizers of psychiatric emergency services. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56:678–684. [PubMed: 15939943]
  • Pearson C, Locke G, Montgomery A, Buron L, McDonald W. The applicability of Housing First models to homeless persons with serious mental illness. Final report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2007.
  • Pearson C, Montgomery AE, Locke G. Housing stability among homeless individuals with serious mental illness participating in Housing First programs. Journal of Community Psychology. 2009;37:404–417.
  • Petry NM. A clinician’s guide for implementing contingency management programs: A guideline developed for the Behavioral Health Recovery Management Project. Peoria, IL: Fayette Companies; 2001.
  • Petry NM. The effects of housing costs on polydrug abuse patterns: A comparison of heroin, cocaine, and alcohol abusers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001;9:47–58. [PubMed: 11519635]
  • Petry NM, Tedford J, Martin B. Reinforcing compliance with non-drug-related activities. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2001;20:33–44. [PubMed: 11239726]
  • Phillips DP, Christenfeld N, Ryan NM. An increase in the number of deaths in the United States in the first week of the month—An association with substance abuse and other causes of death. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;341:93–98. [PubMed: 10395634]
  • Phillips SD, Burns BJ, Edgar ER, Mueser KT, Linkins KW, Rosenheck RA, et al. Moving assertive community treatment into standard practice. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52:771–779. [PubMed: 11376224]
  • Pickett-Schenk SA, Cook JA, Grey D, Banghart M, Rosenheck RA, Randolph F. Employment histories of homeless persons with mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal. 2002;38:199–211. [PubMed: 12046674]
  • Pickett-Schenk SA, Cook JA, Grey DD, Butler SB. Family contact and housing stability in a national multi-site cohort of homeless adults with severe mental illness. Journal of Primary Prevention. 2007;28:327–339. [PubMed: 17551836]
  • Podymow T, Turnbull J, Coyle D, Yetisir E, Wells G. Shelter-based managed alcohol administration to chronically homeless people addicted to alcohol. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006;174:45–49. [PMC free article: PMC1319345] [PubMed: 16389236]
  • Polgar MF, North CS, Pollio DE. Parenting adults who become homeless: Variations in stress and social support. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:357–365. [PubMed: 19839673]
  • Pollio DE, North CS, Eyrich KM, Foster DA, Spitznagel E. Modeling service access in a homeless population. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2003;35:487–495. [PubMed: 14986878]
  • Pollio DE, North CS, Eyrich KM, Foster DA, Spitznagel EL. A comparison of agency-based and self-report methods of measuring services across an urban environment by a drug-abusing homeless population. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2006;15:46–56. [PMC free article: PMC6878718] [PubMed: 16676685]
  • Pollio DE, North CS, Thompson S, Paquin JW, Spitznagel EL. Predictors of achieving stable housing in a mentally ill homeless population. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48:528–530. [PubMed: 9090739]
  • Post P. Hard to reach: Rural homelessness and health care. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2002.
  • Post P, Perret Y, Anderson S, Dalton M, Zevin B. Documenting disability for persons with substance use disorders & co-occurring impairments: A guide for clinicians. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2007.
  • Post PA. Casualties of complexity: Why eligible homeless people are not enrolled in Medicaid. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2001.
  • Poulin SR, Maguire M, Metraux S, Culhane DP. Service use and costs for persons experiencing chronic homelessness in Philadelphia: A population-based study. Psychiatric Services. 2010;61:1093–1098. [PubMed: 21041347]
  • Prendergast M, Podus D, Finney J, Greenwell L, Roll J. Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Addiction. 2006;101:1546–1560. [PubMed: 17034434]
  • Prewitt LD. Helping youths on the streets: What one shelter has learned from years of experience. Behavioral Healthcare. 2006;26:46–47. [PubMed: 16736922]
  • Prigerson HG, Desai RA, Mares WL, Rosenheck RA. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in homeless mentally ill persons: Age-specific risks of substance abuse. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2003;38:213–219. [PubMed: 12664232]
  • Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist. 1992;47:1102–1114. [PubMed: 1329589]
  • Putnam M, Shamseldin T, Rumpf B, Wertheimer D, Rio J. Developing community employment pathways for homeless job seekers in King County and Washington State: A report of the Taking Health Care Home Initiative. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing; 2007.
  • Rachbeisel J, Scott J, Dixon L. Co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders: A review of recent research. Psychiatric Services. 1999;50:1427–1434. [PubMed: 10543851]
  • Raczynski JM, Schumacher JE, Milby JB, Michael M. Comparing two substance abuse treatments for the homeless: The Birmingham Project. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1993;10:217–233.
  • Rahav M, Link BG. When social problems converge: Homeless, mentally ill, chemical misusing men in New York City. International Journal of the Addictions. 1995;30:1019–1042. [PubMed: 7558480]
  • Randolph F, Blasinsky M, Morrissey JP, Rosenheck RA, Cocozza J, Goldman HH. Overview of the ACCESS program. Psychiatric Services. 2002;53:945–948. [PubMed: 12161667]
  • Raven MC, Carrier ER, Lee J, Billings JC, Marr M, Gourevitch MN. Substance use treatment barriers for patients with frequent hospital admissions. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2010;38:22–30. [PubMed: 19540700]
  • Reardon ML, Burns AB, Preist R, Sachs-Ericsson N, Lang AR. Alcohol use and other psychiatric disorders in the formerly homeless and never homeless: Prevalence, age of onset, comorbidity, temporal sequencing, and service utilization. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003;38:601–644. [PubMed: 12747399]
  • Reback CJ, Kamien JB, Amass L. Characteristics and HIV risk behaviors of homeless, substance-using men who have sex with men. Addictive Behaviors. 2007;32:647–654. [PubMed: 16876333]
  • Reback CJ, Peck JA, Dierst-Davies R, Nuno M, Kamien JB, Amass L. Contingency management among homeless, out-of-treatment men who have sex with men. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2010;39:255–263. [PMC free article: PMC2937073] [PubMed: 20667681]
  • Reingold D, Fertig A. The characteristics and causes of homelessness among at risk families with children in twenty American cities. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; 2006.
  • Resnick SG, Rosenheck RA. Who attends Vet-to-Vet? Predictors of attendance in mental health mutual support. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2010;33:262–268. [PubMed: 20374984]
  • Reyes JC, Robles RR, Colon HM, Matos TD, Finlinson HA, Marrero CA, et al. Homelessness and HIV risk behaviors among drug injectors in Puerto Rico. Journal of Urban Health. 2005;82:446–455. [PMC free article: PMC3456053] [PubMed: 15917501]
  • Rickards LD, Leginski W, Randolph FL, Oakley D, Herrell JM, Gallagher C. Cooperative agreements for CMHS/CSAT collaborative program to prevent homelessness: An overview. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1999;17:1–15.
  • Ridlen S, Asamoah Y, Edwards HG, Zimmer R. Outreach and engagement for homeless women at risk of alcoholism. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1990;7:99–109.
  • Ries RK, Comtois KA. Managing disability benefits as part of treatment for persons with severe mental illness and comorbid drug/alcohol disorders: A comparative study of payee and non-payee participants. American Journal on Addictions. 1997;6:330–338. [PubMed: 9398931]
  • Ries RK, Dyck DG. Representative payee practices of community mental health centers in Washington State. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48:811–814. [PubMed: 9175191]
  • Ries RK, Dyck DG, Short R, Srebnik D, Fisher A, Comtois KA. Outcomes of managing disability benefits among patients with substance dependence and severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2004;55:445–447. [PubMed: 15067161]
  • Ries RK, Short RA, Dyck DG, Srebnik DS. Unlinking disability income, substance use and adverse outcomes in dually diagnosed, severely mentally ill outpatients. American Journal on Addictions. 2004;13:390–397. [PubMed: 15370937]
  • Riley ED, Moss AR, Clark RA, Monk SL, Bangsberg DR. Cash benefits are associated with lower risk behavior among the homeless and marginally housed in San Francisco. Journal of Urban Health. 2005;82:142–150. [PMC free article: PMC3456632] [PubMed: 15738328]
  • Riley ED, Wu AW, Perry S, Clark RA, Moss AR, Crane J, et al. Depression and drug use impact health status among marginally housed infected individuals. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2003;17:401–406. [PubMed: 13678541]
  • Rivers PA, Dobalian A, Oyana TJ, Bae S. Socioeconomic determinants of planned methadone treatment. American Journal of Health Behavior. 2006;30:451–459. [PubMed: 16893307]
  • Robbins PC, Callahan L, Monahan J. Perceived coercion to treatment and housing satisfaction in housing-first and supportive housing programs. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60:1251–1253. [PubMed: 19723741]
  • Robertson MJ, Clark RA, Charlebois ED, Tulsky J, Long HL, Bangsberg DR, et al. HIV seroprevalence among homeless and marginally housed adults in San Francisco. American Journal of Public Health. 2004;94:1207–1217. [PMC free article: PMC1448423] [PubMed: 15226145]
  • Robertson MJ, Zlotnick C, Westerfelt A. Drug use disorders and treatment contact among homeless adults in Alameda County, California. American Journal of Public Health. 1997;87:221–228. [PMC free article: PMC1380798] [PubMed: 9103101]
  • Robles RR, Reyes JC, Colon HM, Sahai H, Marrero CA, Matos TD, et al. Effects of combined counseling and case management to reduce HIV risk behaviors among Hispanic drug injectors in Puerto Rico: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2004;27:145–152. [PubMed: 15450647]
  • Rodell DE, Benda BB, Rodell L. Suicidal thoughts among homeless alcohol and other drug abusers. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 2003;21:57–74.
  • Rog DJ. The evidence on supported housing. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2004;27:334–344. [PubMed: 15222146]
  • Rog DJ, Gutman M. The Homeless Families Program: A summary of key findings. In: Isaacs SL, Knickman JR, editors. To improve health and health care 1997: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation anthology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1997. pp. 209–231.
  • Rog DJ, Holupka CS, McCombs-Thornton KL. Implementation of the homeless families program: 1. Service models and preliminary outcomes. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1995;65:502–513. [PubMed: 8561184]
  • Rog DJ, Holupka CS, Patton LC. Final report to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Human Services Policy, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; 2007. Characteristics and dynamics of homeless families with children.
  • Rog DJ, McCombs-Thornton KL, Gilbert-Mongelli AM, Brito MC, Holupka CS. Implementation of the homeless families program: 2. Characteristics, strengths, and needs of participant families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1995;65:514–528. [PubMed: 8561185]
  • Roman CG, McBride EC, Osborne JWL. Principles and practice in housing for persons with mental illness who have had contact with the justice system. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute; 2006.
  • Roman CG, Travis J. Taking stock: Housing, homelessness, and prisoner reentry. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute; 2004.
  • Rosen A, Mueser KT, Teesson M. Assertive community treatment—Issues from scientific and clinical literature with implications for practice. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2007;44:813–825. [PubMed: 18075939]
  • Rosen J, Perret Y. Stepping stones to recovery: A training curriculum for case managers assisting people who are homeless to apply for SSI/SSDI benefits. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2005.
  • Rosen MI, McMahon TJ, Lin H, Rosenheck RA. Effect of Social Security payments on substance abuse in a homeless mentally ill cohort. Health Services Research. 2006;41:173–191. [PMC free article: PMC1681526] [PubMed: 16430606]
  • Rosen MI, McMahon TJ, Rosenheck R. Does assigning a representative payee reduce substance abuse? Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2007;86:115–122. [PubMed: 16839710]
  • Rosenberg SD, Lu W, Mueser KT, Jankowski MK, Cournos F. Correlates of adverse childhood events among adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2007;58:245–253. [PubMed: 17287383]
  • Rosenblum A, Magura S, Kayman DJ, Fong C. Motivationally enhanced group counseling for substance users in a soup kitchen: A randomized clinical trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2005;80:91–103. [PubMed: 16157232]
  • Rosenblum A, Nuttbrock L, McQuistion HL, Magura S, Joseph H. Hepatitis C and substance use in a sample of homeless people in New York City. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2001;20:15–25. [PubMed: 11760923]
  • Rosenblum A, Nuttbrock L, McQuistion H, Magura S, Joseph H. Medical outreach to homeless substance users in New York City: Preliminary results. Substance Use & Misuse. 2002;37:1269–1273. [PubMed: 12180566]
  • Rosenheck R. Service models and mental health problems: Cost-effectiveness and policy relevance. In: Ellen IG, O’Flaherty B, editors. How to house the homeless. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 2010. pp. 17–36.
  • Rosenheck R, Bassuk E, Salomon A. Practical lessons: The 1998 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1999. Special populations of homeless Americans; pp. 2-1–2-31.
  • Rosenheck R, Fontana A. A model of homelessness among male veterans of the Vietnam War generation. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;151:421–427. [PubMed: 8109652]
  • Rosenheck R, Frisman L, Gallup P. Effectiveness and cost of specific treatment elements in a program for homeless mentally ill veterans. Psychiatric Services. 1995;46:1131–1139. [PubMed: 8564501]
  • Rosenheck R, Frisman L, Kasprow W. Improving access to disability benefits among homeless persons with mental illness: An agency-specific approach to services integration. American Journal of Public Health. 1999;89:524–528. [PMC free article: PMC1508901] [PubMed: 10191795]
  • Rosenheck R, Kasprow W, Frisman L, Liu-Mares W. Cost-effectiveness of supported housing for homeless persons with mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003;60:940–951. [PubMed: 12963676]
  • Rosenheck R, Lam J, Randolph F. Impact of representative payees on substance use by homeless persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48:800–806. [PubMed: 9175189]
  • Rosenheck R, Lam JA. Homeless mentally ill clients’ and providers’ perceptions of service needs and clients’ use of services. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48:381–386. [PubMed: 9057242]
  • Rosenheck R, Morrissey J, Lam J, Calloway M, Stolar M, Johnsen M, et al. Service delivery and community: Social capital, service systems integration, and outcomes among homeless persons with severe mental illness. Health Services Research. 2001;36:691–710. [PMC free article: PMC1089252] [PubMed: 11508635]
  • Rosenheck RA, Dausey DJ, Frisman L, Kasprow W. Outcomes after initial receipt of Social Security benefits among homeless veterans with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2000;51:1549–1554. [PubMed: 11097652]
  • Rosenheck RA, Dennis D. Time-limited assertive community treatment for homeless persons with severe mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001;58:1073–1080. [PubMed: 11695955]
  • Rosenheck RA, Lam J, Morrissey JP, Calloway MO, Stolar M, Randolph F, et al. Service systems integration and outcomes for mentally ill homeless persons in the ACCESS program. Psychiatric Services. 2002;53:958–966. [PubMed: 12161669]
  • Rosenheck RA, Mares AS. Implementation of supported employment for homeless veterans with psychiatric or addiction disorders: Two-year outcomes. Psychiatric Services. 2007;58:325–333. [PubMed: 17325104]
  • Rosenheck RA, Resnick SG, Morrissey JP. Closing service system gaps for homeless clients with a dual diagnosis: Integrated teams and interagency cooperation. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics. 2003;6:77–87. [PubMed: 14578540]
  • Roskes E, Osher F. Jails and prisons. In: Gillig PM, McQuistion HL, editors. Clinical guide tothe treatment of the mentally ill homeless person. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006. pp. 131–140.
  • Rossi PH. Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1989.
  • Rossi PH. The old homeless and the new homelessness in historical perspective. American Psychologist. 1990;45:954–959. [PubMed: 2221566]
  • Rothbard AB, Min SY, Kuno E, Wong YL. Long-term effectiveness of the ACCESS program in linking community mental health services to homeless persons with serious mental illness. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2004;31:441–449. [PubMed: 15602144]
  • Rotheram-Borus MJ, Desmond K, Comulada WS, Arnold EM, Johnson M. Reducing risky sexual behavior and substance use among currently and formerly homeless adults living with HIV. American Journal of Public Health. 2009;99:1100–1107. [PMC free article: PMC2679793] [PubMed: 18799777]
  • Rotter M, McQuistion HL, Broner N, Steinbacher M. The impact of the “Incarceration Culture” on reentry for adults with mental illness: A training and group treatment model. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56:265–267. [PubMed: 15746499]
  • Rouff L. Schizoid personality traits among the homeless mentally ill: A quantitative and qualitative report. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless. 2000;9:127–141.
  • Rounsaville BJ. Treatment of cocaine dependence and depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;56:803–809. [PubMed: 15556126]
  • Rowe M, Frey J, Bailey M, Fisk D, Davidson L. Clinical responsibility and client autonomy: Dilemmas in mental health work at the margins. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2001;71:400–407. [PubMed: 11822212]
  • Rowe M, Hoge M, Fisk D. Critical issues in serving people who are homeless and mentally ill. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. 1996;23:555–565.
  • Rowe M, Hoge MA, Fisk D. Services for mentally ill homeless persons: Street-level integration. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1998;68:490–496. [PubMed: 9686300]
  • Roy E, Haley N, Leclerc P, Boivin JF, Cedras L, Vincelette J. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among street youths. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2001;165:557–560. [PMC free article: PMC81413] [PubMed: 11563207]
  • Royse D, Leukefeld C, Logan TK, Dennis M, Wechsberg W, Hoffman J, et al. Homelessness and gender in out-of-treatment drug users. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2000;26:283–296. [PubMed: 10852361]
  • Sachs-Ericsson N, Blazer D, Plant EA, Arnow B. Childhood sexual and physical abuse and the 1-year prevalence of medical problems in the National Comorbidity Survey. Health Psychology. 2005;24:32–40. [PubMed: 15631560]
  • Sacks JA, Drake RE, Williams VF, Banks SM, Herrell JM. Utility of the time-line follow-back to assess substance use among homeless adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003;191:145–153. [PubMed: 12637840]
  • Sacks JY, McKendrick K, Banks S. The impact of early trauma and abuse on residential substance abuse treatment outcomes for women. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2008;34:90–100. [PubMed: 17574799]
  • Sacks JY, Sacks S, Harle M, De Leon G. Homelessness prevention therapeutic community (TC) for addicted mothers. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1999;17:33–51.
  • Sacks S, De Leon G, Balistreri E, Liberty HJ, McKendrick K, Sacks J, et al. Modified therapeutic community for homeless mentally ill chemical abusers: Sociodemographic and psychological profiles. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1998;15:545–554. [PubMed: 9845868]
  • Sacks S, De Leon G, Sacks JY, McKendrick K, Brown BS. TC-oriented supported housing for homeless MICAs. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2003;35:355–366. [PubMed: 14621133]
  • Sacks S, Sacks JY, McKendrick K, Pearson FS, Banks S, Harle M. Outcomes from a therapeutic community for homeless addicted mothers and their children. Administration and Policy in Mental Health. 2004;31:313–338. [PubMed: 15285208]
  • Sacks S, Skinner D, Sacks J, Peck A. Manual for engaging homeless mentally ill chemical abusers in a modified TC shelter program. New York: National Development and Research Institutes; 2002.
  • Sadowski LS, Kee RA, VanderWeele TJ, Buchanan D. Effect of a housing and case management program on emergency department visits and hospitalizations among chronically ill homeless adults: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2009;301:1771–1778. [PubMed: 19417194]
  • Salit SA, Kuhn EM, Hartz AJ, Vu JM, Mosso AL. Hospitalization costs associated with homelessness in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;338:1734–1740. [PubMed: 9624194]
  • Samuels J. Strengthening at risk and homeless young mothers and children. Needham, MA: National Center on Family Homelessness; 2010. Young family critical time intervention (CTI): Successful transitions from homelessness to stability.
  • Samuels J, Shinn M, Buckner JC. Homeless children: Update on research, policy, programs, and opportunities. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; 2010.
  • Samuels J, Shinn M, Fischer S, Thompkins A, Park H. The impact of the family critical time intervention on homeless children: Final report to the National Institute of Mental Health. Orangeburg, NY: Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research; 2006.
  • Samuels J, Tang DI, O’Callaghan S, Barrow S, Lawinski T, Travers N. Homeless families program final report: Homeless families in Westchester County, NY—Phase 2. Orangeburg, NY: Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research; 2006.
  • Sanabria JJ. Youth homelessness: Prevention and intervention efforts in psychology. Universitas Psychologica. 2006;5:51–67.
  • Santa Ana EJ, Wulfert E, Nietert PJ. Efficacy of group motivational interviewing (GMI) for psychiatric inpatients with chemical dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2007;75:816–822. [PubMed: 17907864]
  • Savage C, Gillespie GL, Lindsell CJ. Health status and access to care for homeless adults with problem alcohol and drug use. Journal of Addictions Nursing. 2008;19:27–33.
  • Savas ES, editor. Managing welfare reform in New York City. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2005.
  • Schaedle R, McGrew JH, Bond GR, Epstein I. A comparison of experts’ perspectives on assertive community treatment and intensive case management. Psychiatric Services. 2002;53:207–210. [PubMed: 11821553]
  • Schanzer B, Dominguez B, Shrout PE, Caton CL. Homelessness, health status, and health care use. American Journal of Public Health. 2007;97:464–469. [PMC free article: PMC1805022] [PubMed: 17267724]
  • Schmutte T, Dunn CL, Sledge WH. Predicting time to readmission in patients with recent histories of recurrent psychiatric hospitalization: A matched-control survival analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2010;198:860–863. [PubMed: 21135635]
  • Schonfeld L, Dupree LW, Dickson-Euhrmann E, Royer CM, McDermott CH, Rosansky JS, et al. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of older veterans with substance abuse problems. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2000;13:124–129. [PubMed: 11001134]
  • Schultz-Krohn W. The meaning of family routines in a homeless shelter. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2004;58:531–542. [PubMed: 15481780]
  • Schulz B. Commentary: A provider perspective on supporting parents who are homeless. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:301–304. [PubMed: 19839667]
  • Schumacher JE, Mennemeyer ST, Milby JB, Wallace D, Nolan K. Costs and effectiveness of substance abuse treatments for homeless persons. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics. 2002;5:33–42. [PubMed: 12529568]
  • Schumacher JE, Milby JB, Caldwell E, Raczynski J, Engle M, Michael M, et al. Treatment outcome as a function of treatment attendance with homeless persons abusing cocaine. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:73–85. [PubMed: 8929934]
  • Schumacher JE, Milby JB, Engle M, Raczynski JM, Michael M. Linking practice and science in the substance abuse treatment of homeless persons. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 2000;36:297–313.
  • Schumacher JE, Milby JB, Raczynski JM, Caldwell E, Engle M, Carr J, et al. Validity of self-reported crack cocaine use among homeless persons in treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1995;12:335–339. [PubMed: 8583516]
  • Schumacher JE, Milby JB, Wallace D, Meehan DC, Kertesz S, Vuchinich R, et al. Meta-analysis of day treatment and contingency-management dismantling research: Birmingham Homeless Cocaine Studies (1990–2006). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2007;75:823–828. [PubMed: 17907865]
  • Schumacher JE, Milby JB, Wallace D, Simpson C, Frison S, McNamara C, et al. Diagnostic compared with abstinence outcomes of day treatment and contingency management among cocaine-dependent homeless persons. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003;11:146–157. [PubMed: 12755459]
  • Schumacher JE, Ross D, Milby JB, Sekar P, DiClemente R, Wallace D. Utility of the AIDS risk assessment for crack cocaine and sex risk behaviours among homeless persons addicted to crack undergoing behavioural day treatment. Journal of Substance Use. 2003;8:205–214.
  • Schumacher JE, Usdan S, Milby JB, Wallace D, McNamara C. Abstinence-contingent housing and treatment retention among crack-cocaine-dependent homeless persons. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000;19:81–88. [PubMed: 10867305]
  • Schutt RK, Rogers ES. Empowerment and peer support: Structure and a process of self-help in a consumer-run center for individuals with mental illness. Journal of Community Psychology. 2009;37:697–710.
  • Schutt RK, Hough RL, Goldfinger SM, Lehman AF, Shern DL, Valencia E, et al. Lessening homelessness among persons with mental illness: A comparison of five randomized treatment trials. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2009;2:100–102. [PMC free article: PMC2788308] [PubMed: 20161434]
  • Schutt RK, Weinstein B, Penk WE. Housing preferences of homeless veterans with dual diagnoses. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56:350–352. [PubMed: 15746512]
  • Scott RL. Evaluation of a mobile crisis program: Effectiveness, efficiency, and consumer satisfaction. Psychiatric Services. 2000;51:1153–1156. [PubMed: 10970919]
  • Seal KH, Kral AH, Gee L, Moore LD, Bluthenthal RN, Lorvick J, et al. Predictors and prevention of nonfatal overdose among street-recruited injection heroin users in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1998–1999. American Journal of Public Health. 2001;91:1842–1846. [PMC free article: PMC1446888] [PubMed: 11684613]
  • Seidman LJ, Caplan BB, Tolomiczenko GS, Turner WM, Penk WE, Schutt RK, et al. Neuropsychological function in homeless mentally ill individuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997;185:3–12. [PubMed: 9040527]
  • Seidman LJ, Schutt RK, Caplan B, Tolomiczenko GS, Turner WM, Goldfinger SM. The effect of housing interventions on neuropsychological functioning among homeless persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2003;54:905–908. [PubMed: 12773609]
  • Sension MG, Farthing C, Shaffer AG, Graham E, Siemon-Hryczyk P, Pilson RS. Challenges of antiretroviral treatment in transient and drug-using populations: The SUN study. AIDs Patient Care and STDs. 2001;15:129–136. [PubMed: 11313025]
  • Sermons MW, Henry M. Homelessness counts: Changes in homelessness from 2005 to 2007. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2009.
  • Sermons MW, Witte P. State of homelessness in America: A research report on homelessness: An in-depth examination of homeless counts, economic indicators, demographic drivers, and changes at the state and national level. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2011.
  • Shah NG, Galai N, Celentano DD, Vlahov D, Strathdee SA. Longitudinal predictors of injection cessation and subsequent relapse among a cohort of injection drug users in Baltimore, MD, 1988–2000. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2006;83:147–156. [PubMed: 16364568]
  • Shaheen G, Rio J. Career mapping for chronically homeless job seekers. New York: Corporation for Supportive Housing, Chronic Homelessness Employment Technical Assistance Center; 2006.
  • Shelter Partnership. Homeless older adults strategic plan. Los Angeles: The Shelter Partnership; 2008.
  • Shern DL, Felton CJ, Hough RL, Lehman AF, Goldfinger S, Valencia E, et al. Housing outcomes for homeless adults with mental illness: Results from the second-round McKinney program. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48:239–241. [PubMed: 9021858]
  • Shern DL, Tsemberis S, Anthony W, Lovell AM, Richmond L, Felton CJ, et al. Serving street-dwelling individuals with psychiatric disabilities: Outcomes of a psychiatric rehabilitation clinical trial. American Journal of Public Health. 2000;90:1873–1878. [PMC free article: PMC1446423] [PubMed: 11111259]
  • Shern DL, Tsemberis S, Winarski J, Cope N, Cohen M, Anthony W. The effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation for persons who are street dwelling with serious disability related to mental illness. In: Breakey WR, Thompson JW, editors. Mentally ill and homeless. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic; 1997. pp. 119–147.
  • Shinn M, Baumohl J. Practical lessons: The 1998 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1999. Rethinking the prevention of homelessness; pp. 13-1–13-36.
  • Shinn M, Knickman JR, Weitzman BC. Social relationships and vulnerability to becoming homeless among poor families. American Psychologist. 1991;46:1180–1187. [PubMed: 1772155]
  • Shoptaw S, Weiss RE, Munjas B, Hucks-Ortiz C, Young SD, Larkins S, et al. Homonegativity, substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and HIV status in poor and ethnic men who have sex with men in Los Angeles. Journal of Urban Health. 2009;86:S77–S92. [PMC free article: PMC2705491] [PubMed: 19526346]
  • Siddiqui N, Astone-Twerell J, Hernitche T. Staff perspectives on modified therapeutic community services for homeless dually diagnosed clients: An exploratory pilot study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2009;41:355–361. [PubMed: 20235442]
  • Simpson D, Wexler HK, Inciardi JA. Drug treatment outcomes for correctional settings. Special issue. Fort Worth, TX: Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University; 1999.
  • Singleton T, Holden C, Rose A, Stover M. Continua of care best practices: Comprehensive homeless planning in rural America. Washington, DC: Housing Assistance Council; 2002.
  • Skinner DC. A modified therapeutic community for homeless persons with co-occurring disorders of substance abuse and mental illness in a shelter: An outcome study. Substance Use & Misuse. 2005;40:483–497. [PubMed: 15830731]
  • Sleath BL, Jackson E, Thomas KC, Galloway J, Dumain L, Thorpe J, et al. Racial differences in the use of antidepressants and counseling for depression among homeless women. Community Mental Health Journal. 2006;42:77–85. [PubMed: 16429246]
  • Small LF. Use of mental health services among people with co-occurring disorders and other mental health co-morbidities: Employing the behavioral model of vulnerable populations. Mental Health and Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis. 2010;3:81–93. [PMC free article: PMC2884284] [PubMed: 20559416]
  • Smereck GAD, Hockman EM. Prevalence of HIV infection and HIV risk behaviors associated with living place: On-the-street homeless drug users as a special target population for public health intervention. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1998;24:299–319. [PubMed: 9643467]
  • Smith AC, Smith DI. U.S. Census Bureau Census Special Reports (Series CENSR/01-2). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau; 2001. Emergency and transitional shelter population: 2000.
  • Smith EM, North CS, Fox LW. Eighteen-month follow-up data on a treatment program for homeless substance abusing mothers. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:57–72. [PubMed: 8929933]
  • Smith EM, North CS, Heaton TM. A substance abuse recovery program for homeless mothers with children. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1993;10:91–100.
  • Smith JE, Meyers RJ, Delaney HD. The community reinforcement approach with homeless alcohol-dependent individuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1998;66:541–548. [PubMed: 9642893]
  • Smith TE, Sederer LI. A new kind of homelessness for individuals with serious mental illness? The need for a mental health home. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60:528–533. [PubMed: 19339329]
  • Solliday-McRoy C, Campbell TC, Melchert TP, Young TJ, Cisler RA. Neuropsychological functioning of homeless men. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2004;192:471–478. [PubMed: 15232317]
  • Solomon P, Draine J. Using clinical and criminal involvement factors to explain homelessness among clients of a psychiatric probation and parole service. Psychiatric Quarterly. 1999;70:75–87. [PubMed: 9924734]
  • Song J. HIV/AIDS & homelessness: Recommendations for clinical practice and public policy. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 1999.
  • Song JY, Safaeian M, Strathdee SA, Vlahov D, Celentano DD. The prevalence of homelessness among injection drug users with and without HIV infection. Journal of Urban Health. 2000;77:678–687. [PMC free article: PMC3456762] [PubMed: 11194310]
  • Sorensen JL, Haug NA, Delucchi KL, Gruber V, Kletter E, Batki SL, et al. Voucher reinforcement improves medication adherence in HIV-positive methadone patients: A randomized trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2007;88:54–63. [PMC free article: PMC1976289] [PubMed: 17056206]
  • Sosin MR. Service intensity and organizational attributes: A preliminary inquiry. Administration and Policy in Mental Health. 2001;28:371–392. [PubMed: 11678069]
  • Sosin MR. Outcomes and sample selection: The case of a homelessness and substance abuse intervention. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. 2002;55:63–91. [PubMed: 12034012]
  • Sosin MR, Bruni M. Homelessness and vulnerability among adults with and without alcohol problems. Substance Use & Misuse. 1997;32:939–968. [PubMed: 9220563]
  • Sosin MR, Bruni M. Personal and situational perspectives on rejection of a homelessness and substance abuse program: An exploratory study. Social Work Research. 2000;24:16–27.
  • Sosin MR, Bruni M, Reidy M. Paths and impacts in the progressive independence model: A homelessness and substance abuse intervention in Chicago. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:1–20. [PubMed: 8929930]
  • Sosin MR, Grossman SF. The individual and beyond: A socio-rational choice model of service participation among homeless adults with substance abuse problems. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003;38:503–549. [PubMed: 12747396]
  • Spence S, Stevens R, Parks R. Cognitive dysfunction in homeless adults: A systematic review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2004;97:375–379. [PMC free article: PMC1079556] [PubMed: 15286189]
  • Srivatsav N, Kaur N. A 34-year-old man with a history of bipolar illness, substance abuse, and metabolic symptoms. Psychiatric Annals. 2005;35:379, 383.
  • Stahler GJ. Social interventions for homeless substance abusers: Evaluating treatment outcomes. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:xv–xxvi. [PubMed: 8929929]
  • Stahler GJ, Cohen E, Greene MA, Shipley TE, Bartelt D. A qualitative study of treatment success among homeless crack-addicted men: Definitions and attributions. Contemporary Drug Problems. 1995;22:237–264.
  • Stahler GJ, Godboldte C, Shipley TE, Shandler IW, Ijoy L, Weinberg A, et al. Preventing relapse among crack-using homeless women with children: Building bridges to the community. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community. 1997;15:53–66.
  • Stahler GJ, Shipley TE, Kirby KC, Godboldte C, Kerwin ME, Shandler I, et al. Development and initial demonstration of a community-based intervention for homeless, cocaine-using, African American women. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2005;28:171–179. [PubMed: 15780547]
  • Stahler GJ, Shipley TF Jr, Bartelt D, DuCette JP, Shandler IW. Evaluating alternative treatments for homeless substance-abusing men: Outcomes and predictors of success. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:151–167. [PubMed: 8929938]
  • Stanhope V, Henwood BF, Padgett DK. Understanding service disengagement from the perspective of case managers. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60:459–464. [PubMed: 19339320]
  • Stanhope V, Matejkowski J. Understanding the role of individual consumer-provider relationships within assertive community treatment. Community Mental Health Journal. 2010;46:309–318. [PubMed: 19568933]
  • State of Washington Joint Legislative Audit and Review Committee. Chronic public inebriates survey report (Report 97-4). Olympia, WA: State of Washington Joint Legislative Audit and Review Committee; 1997.
  • Stecher BM, Andrews CA, McDonald L, Morton SC. Implementation of residential and nonresidential treatment for the dually diagnosed homeless. Evaluation Review. 1994;18:689–717.
  • Stefancic A, Tsemberis S. Housing First for long-term shelter dwellers with psychiatric disabilities in a suburban county: A four-year study of housing access and retention. Journal of Primary Prevention. 2007;28:265–279. [PubMed: 17592778]
  • Steiker LK. Making drug and alcohol prevention relevant: Adapting evidence-based curricula to unique adolescent cultures. Family & Community Health. 2008;31(Suppl 1):S52–S60. [PMC free article: PMC2892384] [PubMed: 18091143]
  • Stein JA, Dixon EL, Nyamathi AM. Effects of psychosocial and situational variables on substance abuse among homeless adults. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2008;22:410–416. [PMC free article: PMC2806053] [PubMed: 18778134]
  • Stein JA, Gelberg L. Comparability and representativeness of clinical homeless, community homeless, and domiciled clinic samples: Physical and mental health, substance use, and health services utilization. Health Psychology. 1997;16:155–162. [PubMed: 9269886]
  • Stein JA, Leslie MB, Nyamathi A. Relative contributions of parent substance use and childhood maltreatment to chronic homelessness, depression, and substance abuse problems among homeless women: Mediating roles of self-esteem and abuse in adulthood. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2002;26:1011–1027. [PubMed: 12398858]
  • Stein JA, Nyamathi A, Kington R. Change in AIDS risk behaviors among impoverished minority women after a community-based cognitive-behavioral outreach program. Journal of Community Psychology. 1997;25:519–533.
  • Stergiopoulos V, Dewa C, Durbin J, Chau N, Svoboda T. Assessing the mental health service needs of the homeless: A level-of-care approach. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2010;21:1031–1045. [PubMed: 20693742]
  • Stergiopoulos V, Dewa CS, Tanner G, Chau N, Pett M, Connelly JL. Addressing the needs of the street homeless: A collaborative approach. International Journal of Mental Health. 2010;39:3–15.
  • Stevens SJ, Chong J, Erickson JR. Homelessness and substance abuse: The efficacy of modified residential and nonresidential therapeutic community models. In: De Leon G, editor. Community as method: Therapeutic communities for special populations and special settings. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group; 1997. pp. 247–260.
  • Stevens SJ, Erickson JR, Tent JC, Chong J, Gianas P. Therapeutic community model for treatment of homeless alcohol and drug users in Tucson, Arizona. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 1993;10:21–33.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Report to Congress on the treatment and prevention of co-occurring substance abuse and mental disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2002.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidenced-based Programs and Practices. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2007. Intervention summary: Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model (TREM).
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies; 2007.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Assertive community treatment: Evidence-based practice kit. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2008. HHS Publication No (SMA) 08-4345.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Supported employment: Getting started with evidence-based practices kit. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2009. HHS Publication No (SMA) 08-4364.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Supported employment: Getting started with evidence-based practices kit. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2010.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Addressing viral hepatitis in people with substance use disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2011. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 53). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4656.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Managing chronic pain in adults with or in recovery from substance use disorders. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2011. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 54). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4761.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Permanent supportive housing evidence-based practices (EBP KIT). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2011. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 10-4510.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Addressing the specific behavioral health needs of men. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2013. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 56). HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4736.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Behavioral health services for American Indians and Alaska Natives. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; planned b. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series).
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Building health, wellness, and quality of life for sustained recovery. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; planned c. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series).
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Improving cultural competence. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; planned d. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series).
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Managing anxiety symptoms in behavioral health services. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; planned e. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series).
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Recovery in behavioral health services. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; planned f. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series).
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Reintegration-related behavioral health issues in veterans and military families. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; planned g. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series).
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Systems-level implementation of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; planned h. (Technical Assistance Publication (TAP) Series).
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Trauma-informed care in behavioral health services. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; planned i. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series).
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Using telephone- and Web-based technologies in behavioral health services. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; planned j. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series).
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. The DASIS Report. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies; 2006. Homeless admissions to substance abuse treatment: 2004.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. The TEDS report: Homeless young adult treatment admissions. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies; 2010.
  • Sullivan G, Burnam A, Koegel P. Pathways to homelessness among the mentally ill. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2000;35:444–450. [PubMed: 11127718]
  • Sumerall SW, Rate LT, Lopez SJ, Hunter S, Weaver TL. Process and outcome of rehabilitation of homeless veterans and their relationship with personality style. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills. 2000;4:28–34.
  • Surratt HL, Inciardi JA. HIV risk, seropositivity and predictors of infection among homeless and non-homeless women sex workers in Miami, Florida, USA. AIDS Care. 2004;16:594–604. [PubMed: 15223529]
  • Susser E, Betne P, Valencia E, Goldfinger SM, Lehman AF. Injection drug use among homeless adults with severe mental illness. American Journal of Public Health. 1997;87:854–856. [PMC free article: PMC1381065] [PubMed: 9184521]
  • Susser E, Miller M, Valencia E, Colson P. Injection drug use and risk of HIV transmission among homeless men with mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;153:794–798. [PubMed: 8633692]
  • Susser E, Valencia E, Berkman A, Sohler N, Conover S, Torres J, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus sexual risk reduction in homeless men with mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998;55:266–272. [PubMed: 9510221]
  • Susser E, Valencia E, Conover S, Felix A, Tsai WY, Wyatt RJ. Preventing recurrent homelessness among mentally ill men: A critical time intervention after discharge from a shelter. American Journal of Public Health. 1997;87:256–262. [PMC free article: PMC1380803] [PubMed: 9103106]
  • Swanson AJ, Pantalon MV, Cohen KR. Motivational interviewing and treatment adherence among psychiatric and dually diagnosed patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1999;187:630–635. [PubMed: 10535657]
  • Swanson JW, Swartz MS, Elbogen EB, Wagner HR, Burns BJ. Effects of involuntary outpatient commitment on subjective quality of life in persons with severe mental illness. Behavioral Sciences and the Law. 2003;21:473–491. [PubMed: 12898503]
  • Swartz MS, Swanson JW, Wagner HR, Burns BJ, Hiday VA, Borum R. Can involuntary outpatient commitment reduce hospital recidivism? Findings from a randomized trial with severely mentally ill individuals. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156:1968–1975. [PubMed: 10588412]
  • Talpade M. A formula of hope for the homeless: Evaluation of the 12-week Jefferson Place Initiative of Project Focus. North American Journal of Psychology. 2003;5:417–430.
  • Tam TW, Zlotnick C, Robertson MJ. Longitudinal perspective: Adverse childhood events, substance use, and labor force participation among homeless adults. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2003;29:829–846. [PubMed: 14713142]
  • Teague GB, Johnsen M, Rogers J, Schell B. Findings from the SAMHSA/CMHS Consumer-Operated Service Program Multisite Research Initiative. Lawrence, MA: National Empowerment Center; 2011. Research on consumer-operated service programs: Effectiveness findings and policy implications of a large multi-site study.
  • Tessler R, Rosenheck R, Gamache G. Comparison of homeless veterans with other homeless men in a large clinical outreach program. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2002;73:109–119. [PubMed: 12025719]
  • Thombs DL. Introduction to addictive behaviors. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2006.
  • Thompson SJ, McManus H, Voss T. Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse among youth who are homeless: Treatment issues and implications. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention. 2006;6:206–217.
  • Thompson VV, Ragland KE, Hall CS, Morgan M, Bangsberg DR. Provider assessment of eligibility for hepatitis C treatment in HIV-infected homeless and marginally housed persons. AIDS. 2005;19(Suppl 3):S208–S214. [PubMed: 16251820]
  • Thornquist L, Biros M, Olander R, Sterner S. Health care utilization of chronic inebriates. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2002;9:300–308. [PubMed: 11927454]
  • Tischler V, Karim K, Rustall S, Gregory P, Vostanis P. A family support service for homeless children and parents: Users’ perspectives and characteristics. Health & Social Care in the Community. 2004;12:327–335. [PubMed: 15272888]
  • Tischler V, Vostanis P, Bellerby T, Cumella S. Evaluation of a mental health outreach service for homeless families. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002;86:158–163. [PMC free article: PMC1719131] [PubMed: 11861229]
  • Tommasello AC, Gillis LM, Lawler JT, Bujak GJ. Characteristics of homeless HIV-positive outreach responders in urban US and their success in primary care treatment. AIDS Care. 2006;18:911–917. [PubMed: 17012080]
  • Tommasello AC, Myers CP, Gillis L, Treherne LL, Plumhoff M. Effectiveness of outreach to homeless substance abusers. Evaluation and Program Planning. 1999;22:295–303. [PubMed: 24011449]
  • Tompsett CJ, Toro PA, Guzicki M, Manrique M, Zatakia J. Homelessness in the United States: Assessing changes in prevalence and public opinion, 1993–2001. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2006;37:47–61. [PubMed: 16680536]
  • Tonigan JS, Connors GJ, Miller WR. Participation and involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous. In: Babor TF, Del Boca FK, editors. Treatment matching in alcoholism. New York: Cambridge Press; 2003. pp. 184–204.
  • Tonigan JS, Miller WR. Project MATCH client impressions about Alcoholics Anonymous: Measurement issues and relationship to treatment outcome. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 2000;18:25–41.
  • Toro PA. Toward an international understanding of homelessness. Journal of Social Issues. 2007;63:461–481.
  • Toro PA, Passero Rabideau JM, Bellavia CW, Daeschler CV, Wall DD, Thomas DM, et al. Evaluating an intervention for homeless persons: Results of a field experiment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1997;65:476–484. [PubMed: 9170771]
  • Torrey EF, Zdanowicz M. Outpatient commitment: What, why, and for whom. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52:337–341. [PubMed: 11239101]
  • Townsend W, Boyd S, Griffin G, Hicks PL. Emerging best practices in mental health recovery. Boston: Technical Assistance Collaborative; 2000.
  • Trutko J, Barnow B. Core performance indicators for homeless-serving programs administered by the US Department of Health and Human Services: Final report. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; 2003.
  • Trutko JW, Barnow BS, Beck SK, Rothstein FR. Employment and training for America’s homeless: Report on the job training for the homeless demonstration project. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor; 1994.
  • Tryssenaar J, Jones EJ, Lee D. Occupational performance needs of a shelter population. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1999;66:188–195. [PubMed: 10575469]
  • Tsai J, Bond GR, Salyers MP, Godfrey JL, Davis KE. Housing preferences and choices among adults with mental illness and substance use disorders: A qualitative study. Community Mental Health Journal. 2010;46:381–388. [PMC free article: PMC2891397] [PubMed: 19898935]
  • Tsai J, Mares AS, Rosenheck RA. A multisite comparison of supported housing for chronically homeless adults: Housing first versus residential treatment first. Psychological Services. 2010;7:219–232. [PMC free article: PMC3151537] [PubMed: 21829324]
  • Tsai J, Salyers MP, Rollins AL, McKasson M, Litmer ML. Integrated dual disorders treatment. Journal of Community Psychology. 2009;37:781–788.
  • Tsemberis S. From streets to homes: An innovative approach to supported housing for homeless adults with psychiatric disabilities. Journal of Community Psychology. 1999;27:225–241.
  • Tsemberis S. 2005 APA Gold Award: Providing housing first and recovery services for homeless adults with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56:1303–1305. [PubMed: 16215200]
  • Tsemberis S, Eisenberg RF. Pathways to housing: Supported housing for street-dwelling homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Services. 2000;51:487–493. [PubMed: 10737824]
  • Tsemberis S, Elfenbein C. A perspective on voluntary and involuntary outreach services for the homeless mentally ill. New Directions for Mental Health Services. 1999;82:9–19. [PubMed: 10380532]
  • Tsemberis S, Gulcur L, Nakae M. Housing First, consumer choice, and harm reduction for homeless individuals with a dual diagnosis. American Journal of Public Health. 2004;94:651–656. [PMC free article: PMC1448313] [PubMed: 15054020]
  • Tsemberis SJ, Moran L, Shinn M, Asmussen SM, Shern DL. Consumer preference programs for individuals who are homeless and have psychiatric disabilities: A drop-in center and a supported housing program. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2003;32:305–317. [PubMed: 14703266]
  • Tsui J, Bangsberg D, Ragland K, Hall C, Riley E. The impact of chronic hepatitis C on health-related quality of life in homeless and marginally housed individuals with HIV. AIDS and Behavior. 2007;11:603–610. [PubMed: 17028996]
  • Tucker JS, D’Amico EJ, Wenzel SL, Golinelli D, Elliott MN, Williamson S. A prospective study of risk and protective factors for substance use among impoverished women living in temporary shelter settings in Los Angeles County. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2005;80:35–43. [PubMed: 16157229]
  • Tucker JS, Wenzel SL, Straus JB, Ryan GW, Golinelli D. Experiencing interpersonal violence: Perspectives of sexually active, substance-using women living in shelters and low-income housing. Violence Against Women. 2005;11:1319–1340. [PubMed: 16135692]
  • Tull T. The “Housing First” approach for families affected by substance abuse. The Source. 2004;13:1–4.
  • Turnham J, Wilson E, Burt M. A guide to counting unsheltered homeless people. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2004.
  • Tyson K, Carroll E. Innovative therapeutic care for homeless, mentally ill clients: Intrapsychic humanism in a residential setting. Families in Society. 2001;82:591–603.
  • Burt MR, Aron LY, Douglas T, Valente J, Lee E, et al. The Urban Institute. Homelessness: Programs and the people they serve Findings of the National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients. Technical report. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute; 1999.
  • U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical brief: Sixty-five plus in the United States Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 1995.
  • U.S. Conference of Mayors. Hunger and homelessness survey: A status report on hunger and homelessness in America’s cities. A 23-city survey, December 2006. Washington, DC: U.S. Conference of Mayors; 2006.
  • U.S. Congress, House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. Threat to rural communities from methamphetamine production, trafficking, and use: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, February 25, 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000. (Rep No Serial No 78)
  • U.S. Congress, House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, & Subcommittee on Health. Mental health, substance-use disorders, and homelessness hearing before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, June 20, 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2002.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Ending chronic homelessness: Strategies for action. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; 2003.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Treatment Episode Data Set—Admissions (TEDS-A), 2009. 2011. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) [distributor]
  • US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Treatment Episode Data Set—Admissions (TEDS-A) 2008, ICPSR27241-v4. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research; Jul 18, 2012. [distributor] [CrossRef]
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The annual homeless assessment report to Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2007.
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. In from the cold —Safe havens for homeless people. Washington, DC: Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2001.
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Supportive housing program desk guide. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Community Planning and Development; 2001.
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The 2009 annual homeless assessment report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2010.
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The 2010 annual homeless assessment report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2011.
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Community Planning and Development. The 2009 annual homeless assessment report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2010.
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development & U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Veteran homelessness: A Supplemental Report to the 2009 annual homeless assessment report to congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2010.
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Overview of homelessness: Homeless veterans. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; 2007.
  • U.S. Employment and Training Administration. Employment and training for America’s homeless: Final report on the Job Training for the Homeless Demonstration Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Office of Policy and Research; 1998.
  • U.S. General Accounting Office. Substance abuse treatment: VA programs serve psychologically and economically disadvantaged veterans. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. General Accounting Office; 1996.
  • U.S. General Accounting Office. Homelessness: Barriers to using mainstream programs. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office; 2000.
  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office; 2006. Homeless veterans programs: Improved communications and follow-up could further enhance the grant and per diem program: Report to the chairman, Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, House of Representatives. (Rep No GAO-06-859)
  • Unger JB, Kipke MD, Simon TR, Montgomery SB, Johnson CJ. Homeless youths and young adults in Los Angeles: Prevalence of mental health problems and the relationship between mental health and substance abuse disorders. American Journal of Community Psychology. 1997;25:371–394. [PubMed: 9332967]
  • Usdan SL, Schumacher JE, Milby JB, Wallace D, McNamara C, Michael M. Crack cocaine, alcohol, and other drug use patterns among homeless persons with other mental disorders. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2001;27:107–120. [PubMed: 11373029]
  • Van Horn DH, Bux DA. A pilot test of motivational interviewing groups for dually diagnosed inpatients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2001;20:191–195. [PubMed: 11306222]
  • Van Ness PH, Davis WR, Johnson BD. Socioeconomic marginality and health services utilization among Central Harlem substance users. Substance Use & Misuse. 2004;39:61–85. [PubMed: 15002944]
  • VanGeest JB, Johnson TP. Substance use patterns among homeless migrants and nonmigrants in Chicago. Substance Use & Misuse. 1997;32:877–907. [PubMed: 9220561]
  • VanGeest JB, Johnson TP. Substance abuse and homelessness: Direct or indirect effects? Annals of Epidemiology. 2002;12:455–461. [PubMed: 12377422]
  • Vaulton WA, Amey C, Bassuk EL, Ambrosio BD, Huntington N, Lampeurer K. The Minnesota supportive housing and managed care pilot: Qualitative evaluation: Year four. Needham, MA: National Center on Family Homelessness; 2006.
  • Velasquez MM, Crouch C, von Sternberg K, Grosdanis I. Motivation for change and psychological distress in homeless substance abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000;19:395–401. [PubMed: 11166504]
  • Velleman R. Homelessness alongside co-existing mental health and drug and alcohol problems. In: Baker A, Velleman R, editors. Clinical handbook of co-existing mental health and drug and alcohol problems. New York: Routledge; 2006.
  • Velligan DI, Weiden PJ, Sajatovic M, Scott J, Carpenter D, Ross R, et al. Strategies for addressing adherence problems in patients with serious and persistent mental illness: Recommendations from the expert consensus guidelines. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2010;16:306–324. [PubMed: 20859108]
  • Wagner JD, Menke EM. Substance use by homeless pregnant mothers. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 1992;3:161–172. [PubMed: 1391379]
  • Wagner KD, Valente TW, Casanova M, Partovi SM, Mendenhall BM, Hundley JH, et al. Evaluation of an overdose prevention and response training programme for injection drug users in the Skid Row area of Los Angeles, CA. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2010;21:186–193. [PMC free article: PMC4291458] [PubMed: 19268564]
  • Wagoner GA. Chronic medical diseases in homeless populations. In: O’Connell JJ, editor. The health care of homeless persons. 2nd ed. Boston: Boston Healthcare for the Homeless Program; 2004. pp. 245–247.
  • Waldrop-Valverde D, Valverde E. Homelessness and psychological distress as contributors to antiretroviral nonadherence in HIV-positive injecting drug users. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2005;19:326–334. [PubMed: 15916495]
  • Wan JJ, Morabito DJ, Khaw L, Knudson MM, Dicker RA. Mental illness as an independent risk factor for unintentional injury and injury recidivism. Journal of Trauma. 2006;61:1299–1304. [PubMed: 17159669]
  • Warnes AM, Crane MA. The achievements of a multiservice project for older homeless people. Gerontologist. 2000;40:618–626. [PubMed: 11037942]
  • Washington OG. Identification and characteristics of older homeless African American women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2005;26:117–136. [PubMed: 15962919]
  • Wechsberg WM, Lam WK, Zule W, Hall G, Middlesteadt R, Edwards J. Violence, homelessness, and HIV risk among crack-using African American women. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003;38:669–700. [PubMed: 12747401]
  • Wechsberg WM, Lam WK, Zule WA, Bobashev G. Efficacy of a woman-focused intervention to reduce HIV risk and increase self-sufficiency among African American crack abusers. American Journal of Public Health. 2004;94:1165–1173. [PMC free article: PMC1448416] [PubMed: 15226138]
  • Wechsberg WM, Novak SP, Zule WA, Browne FA, Kral AH, Ellerson RM, et al. Sustainability of intervention effects of an evidence-based HIV prevention intervention for African American women who smoke crack cocaine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2010;109:205–212. [PMC free article: PMC2875347] [PubMed: 20219294]
  • Weddington WW, Brown BS, Haertzen CA, Cone EJ, Dax EM, Herning RI, et al. Changes in mood, craving, and sleep during short-term abstinence reported by male cocaine addicts: A controlled residential study. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990;47:861–868. [PubMed: 2393345]
  • Weinberg D. Self-empowerment in two therapeutic communities. In: Gubrium JF, Holstein JA, editors. Institutional selves: Troubled identities in a postmodern world. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001. pp. 84–104.
  • Weinreb LF, Buckner JC, Williams V, Nicholson J. A comparison of the health and mental health status of homeless mothers in Worcester, Mass: 1993 and 2003. American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96:1444–1448. [PMC free article: PMC1522096] [PubMed: 16809590]
  • Weinreb L, Nicholson J, Williams V, Anthes F. Integrating behavioral health services for homeless mothers and children in primary care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2007;77:142–152. [PubMed: 17352595]
  • Weir BW, Bard RS, O’Brien K, Casciato CJ, Stark MJ. Uncovering patterns of HIV risk through multiple housing measures. AIDS and Behavior. 2007;11:31–44. [PubMed: 17828588]
  • Wenzel SL, Audrey BM, Koegel P, Morton SC, Miu A, Jinnett KJ, et al. Access to inpatient or residential substance abuse treatment among homeless adults with alcohol or other drug use disorders. Medical Care. 2001;39:1158–1169. [PubMed: 11606870]
  • Wenzel SL, Bakhtiar L, Caskey NH, Hardie E. Dually diagnosed homeless veterans in residential treatment: Service needs and service use. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1996;184:441–444. [PubMed: 8691200]
  • Wenzel SL, Bakhtiar L, Caskey NH, Hardie E, Redford C, Sadler N, et al. Predictors of homeless veterans’ irregular discharge status from a domiciliary care program. Journal of Mental Health Administration. 1995;22:245–260. [PubMed: 10172391]
  • Wenzel SL, D’Amico EJ, Barnes D, Gilbert ML. A pilot of a tripartite prevention program for homeless young women in the transition to adulthood. Women’s Health Issues. 2009;19:193–201. [PMC free article: PMC2733526] [PubMed: 19345588]
  • Wenzel SL, Ebener PA, Koegel P, Gelberg L. Drug-abusing homeless clients in California’s substance abuse treatment system. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1996;28:147–159. [PubMed: 8811583]
  • Wenzel SL, Hambarsoomian K, D’Amico EJ, Ellison M, Tucker JS. Victimization and health among indigent young women in the transition to adulthood: A portrait of need. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006;38:536–543. [PubMed: 16635764]
  • Wenzel SL, Koegel P, Gelberg L. Access to substance abuse treatment for homeless women of reproductive age. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1996;28:17–30. [PubMed: 8714331]
  • Wenzel SL, Koegel P, Gelberg L. Antecedents of physical and sexual victimization among homeless women: A comparison to homeless men. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2000;28:367–390. [PubMed: 10945122]
  • Wenzel SL, Leake BD, Gelberg L. Health of homeless women with recent experience of rape. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2000;15:265–268. [PMC free article: PMC1495443] [PubMed: 10760002]
  • Wenzel SL, Tucker JS, Elliott MN, Hambarsoomians K, Perlman J, Becker K, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of violence, substance use and disorder, and HIV risk behavior: A comparison of sheltered and low-income housed women in Los Angeles County. Preventive Medicine. 2004;39:617–624. [PubMed: 15313103]
  • Westreich L, Heitner C, Cooper M, Galanter M. Perceived social support and treatment retention on an inpatient addiction treatment unit. American Journal on Addictions. 1997;6:144–149. [PubMed: 9134076]
  • Wexler HK, Melnick G, Lowe L, Peters J. Three-year reincarceration outcomes for Amity in-prison therapeutic community and aftercare in California. Prison Journal. 1999;79:321–336.
  • Whaley AL. Demographic and clinical correlates of homelessness among African Americans with severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal. 2002;38:327–338. [PubMed: 12166919]
  • Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR, Bao W-N. Depressive symptoms and co-occurring depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and conduct problems among runaway and homeless adolescents. Child Development. 2000;71:721–732. [PubMed: 10953939]
  • White MC, Chafetz L, Collins-Bride G, Nickens J. History of arrest, incarceration and victimization in community-based severely mentally ill. Journal of Community Health. 2006;31:123–135. [PubMed: 16737173]
  • White MC, Tulsky JP, Dawson C, Zolopa AR, Moss AR. Association between time homeless and perceived health status among the homeless in San Francisco. Journal of Community Health. 1997;22:271–282. [PubMed: 9247850]
  • Williams VF, Banks SM, Robbins PC, Oakley D, Dean J. Final report on the Cross-Site Evaluation of the Collaborative Program to Prevent Homelessness. Delmar, NY: Policy Research Associates; 2001.
  • Williamson V, Mulhall E. Invisible wounds: Psychological and neurological injuries confront a new generation of veterans. New York: Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America; 2009.
  • Winarski JT. Providing outreach outside the shelter. In: Bassuk EL, Birk AW, Liftik J, editors. Community care for homeless clients with mental illness, substance abuse, or dual diagnosis. Newton, MA: Better Homes Fund; 1994. pp. 10-1–10-18.
  • Winarski JT, Cohen M, Feldman S, Henderson MJ, Jackson V, Lefley H, et al. Issues affecting clinical practice in an era of managed behavioral health care. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 1998;85:101–113.
  • Witbeck G, Hornfeld S, Dalack GW. Emergency room outreach to chronically addicted individuals: A pilot study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000;19:39–43. [PubMed: 10867299]
  • Witteveen E, Van Ameijden EJC, Prins M, Schippers GM. Factors associated with the initiation of cocaine and heroin among problem drug users. Reflections on interventions. Substance Use & Misuse. 2007;42:933–947. [PubMed: 17613955]
  • Wolff H. Homelessness and malnutrition. International Journal of Public Health. 2008;53:7–8. [PubMed: 18522362]
  • Wolff N, Helminiak TW, Morse GA, Calsyn RJ. Cost-effectiveness evaluation of three approaches to case management for homeless mentally ill clients. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:341–348. [PubMed: 9054781]
  • Wong YL. Tracking change in psychological distress among homeless adults: An examination of the effect of housing status. Health & Social Work. 2002;27:262–273. [PubMed: 12494718]
  • Wong YL, Matejkowski J, Lee S. Social integration of people with serious mental illness: Network transactions and satisfaction. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2011;38:51–67. [PMC free article: PMC3538837] [PubMed: 20052620]
  • Wong Y-LI, Hadley TR, Culhane DP, Poulin SR, Davis MR, Cirksey BA, et al. Predicting staying in or leaving permanent supportive housing that serves homeless people with serious mental illness: Final Report. Philadelphia: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research; 2006.
  • Wong YLI, Nath SB, Solomon PL. Group and organizational involvement among persons with psychiatric disabilities in supported housing. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2007;34:151–167. [PubMed: 17357851]
  • Wright JD, Devine JA. Factors that interact with treatment to predict outcomes in substance abuse programs for the homeless. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1995;14:169–181. [PubMed: 8929939]
  • Wright JD, Knight JW. Ailments and alcohol: Health status among the drinking homeless. Alcohol Health Research World. 2007 Spring;:22–26.
  • Wright N, Oldham N, Jones L. Exploring the relationship between homelessness and risk factors for heroin-related death—A qualitative study. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2005;24:245–251. [PubMed: 16096128]
  • Wright NM, Walker J. Homelessness and drug use—A narrative systematic review of interventions to promote sexual health. AIDS Care. 2006;18:467–478. [PubMed: 16777639]
  • Wuerker AK, Keenan CK. Patterns of psychiatric service use by homeless mentally ill clients. Psychiatric Quarterly. 1997;68:101–116. [PubMed: 9114468]
  • Yahne CE, Miller WR, Irvin-Vitela L, Tonigan JS. Magdalena pilot project: Motivational outreach to substance abusing women street sex workers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2002;23:49–53. [PubMed: 12127468]
  • Yanos PT, Barrow SM, Tsemberis S. Community integration in the early phase of housing among homeless persons diagnosed with severe mental illness: Successes and challenges. Community Mental Health Journal. 2004;40:133–150. [PubMed: 15206638]
  • Young AS, Chinman MJ, Cradock-O’Leary JA, Sullivan G, Murata D, Mintz J, et al. Characteristics of individuals with severe mental illness who use emergency services. Community Mental Health Journal. 2005;41:159–168. [PubMed: 15974496]
  • Zanis DA, Cohen E, Meyers K, Cnaan RA. HIV risks among homeless men differentiated by cocaine use and psychiatric distress. Addictive Behaviors. 1997;22:287–292. [PubMed: 9113224]
  • Zerger S. Substance abuse treatment: What works for homeless people? A review of the literature. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council; 2002.
  • Zima BT, Wells KB, Benjamin B, Duan N. Mental health problems among homeless mothers: Relationship to service use and child mental health problems. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1996;53:332–338. [PubMed: 8634011]
  • Zlotnick C. What research tells us about the intersecting streams of homelessness and foster care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79:319–325. [PubMed: 19839669]
  • Zlotnick C, Robertson MJ. Sources of income among homeless adults with major mental disorders or substance use disorders. Psychiatric Services. 1996;47:147–151. [PubMed: 8825250]
  • Zlotnick C, Robertson MJ, Lahiff M. A longitudinal perspective on entitlement income among homeless adults. Psychiatric Services. 1998;49:1039–1042. [PubMed: 9712209]
  • Zlotnick C, Robertson MJ, Tam T. Substance use and labor force participation among homeless adults. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2002;28:37–53. [PubMed: 11853134]
  • Zlotnick C, Robertson MJ, Tam T. Substance use and separation of homeless mothers from their children. Addictive Behaviors. 2003;28:1373–1383. [PubMed: 14512061]
  • Zlotnick C, Tam T, Bradley K. Long-term and chronic homelessness in homeless women and women with children. Social Work in Public Health. 2010;25:470–485. [PubMed: 20818593]
  • Zlotnick C, Tam T, Robertson MJ. Disaffiliation, substance use, and exiting homelessness. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003;38:577–599. [PubMed: 12747398]
  • Zlotnick C, Tam T, Robertson MJ. Adverse childhood events, substance abuse, and measures of affiliation. Addictive Behaviors. 2004;29:1177–1181. [PubMed: 15236820]
  • Zuckoff A, Shear K, Frank E, Daley DC, Seligman K, Silowash R. Treating complicated grief and substance use disorders: A pilot study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2006;30:205–211. [PubMed: 16616164]
  • Zugazaga C. Stressful life event experiences of homeless adults: A comparison of single men, single women, and women with children. Journal of Community Psychology. 2004;32:643–654.

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page
  • PDF version of this title (4.3M)

Other titles in these collections

Related information

  • PMC
    PubMed Central citations
  • PubMed
    Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

ClearTurn OffTurn On

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...