Abstract
We have examined the regulation of p21(cip1) by soluble mitogens and cell anchorage as well as the relationship between the expression of p21(cip1) and activation of the ERK subfamily of MAP kinases. We find that p21(cip1) expression in G1 phase can be divided into two discrete phases: an initial induction that requires growth factors and the activation of ERK, and then a subsequent decline that is enhanced by cell anchorage in an ERK-independent manner. In contrast to the induction of cyclin D1, the induction of p21(cip1) is mediated by transient ERK activity. Comparative studies with wild-type and p21(cip1)-null fibroblasts indicate that adhesion-dependent regulation of p21(cip1) is important for proper control of cyclin E-cdk2 activity. These data lead to a model in which mitogens and anchorage act in a parallel fashion to regulate G1 phase expression of p21(cip1). They also show that (a) growth factors and growth factor/extracellular matrix cooperation can have different roles in regulating G1 phase ERK activity and (b) both transient and sustained ERK signals have functionally significant roles in controlling cell cycle progression through G1 phase.
Publication types
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Comparative Study
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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CDC2-CDC28 Kinases*
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Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
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Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / metabolism*
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Cell Adhesion / physiology
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Cell Line
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Cyclin D1 / metabolism
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Cyclin E / metabolism
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / metabolism
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Cyclins / genetics
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Cyclins / metabolism*
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Down-Regulation / drug effects*
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Enzyme Activation / drug effects
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Extracellular Matrix / drug effects
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Extracellular Matrix / metabolism*
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Fibroblasts / cytology
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Fibroblasts / drug effects
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Fibroblasts / enzymology
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Fibroblasts / metabolism
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G1 Phase / drug effects*
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Growth Substances / pharmacology*
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Mice
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Mice, Inbred C57BL
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Mitogens / pharmacology
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Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism
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RNA, Messenger / genetics
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RNA, Messenger / metabolism
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Signal Transduction / drug effects
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Up-Regulation / drug effects*
Substances
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Cdkn1a protein, mouse
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Cyclin E
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21
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Cyclins
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Growth Substances
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Mitogens
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RNA, Messenger
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Cyclin D1
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Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
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Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases
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CDC2-CDC28 Kinases
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Cdk2 protein, mouse
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinases