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Metabolic Engineering
Methods and techniques used to genetically modify cells' biosynthetic product output and develop conditions for growing the cells as BIOREACTORS.
Year introduced: 2012
Cell Engineering
Methods and techniques used to modify or select cells and develop conditions for growing cells for biosynthetic production of molecules (METABOLIC ENGINEERING), for generation of tissue structures and organs in vitro (TISSUE ENGINEERING), or for other BIOENGINEERING research objectives.
Bioengineering
The application of engineering principles and methods to living organisms or biological systems.
Year introduced: 2010
Biomimetics
An interdisciplinary field in materials science, ENGINEERING, and BIOLOGY, studying the use of biological principles for synthesis or fabrication of BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS.
Year introduced: 2003
Tissue Engineering
Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.
Year introduced: 2002
National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division
An organization that initiates and conducts studies of national policy and planning for health care and health-related education and research; it also responds to requests from the federal government and other agencies for studies and advice. Was founded as the Institute of Medicine in 1970 and changed in 2016 to a Division of the Academies.
Year introduced: 2020 (1990)
Protein Engineering
Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.
Year introduced: 1989
Software
Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.
Year introduced: 1987(1983)
Sanitary Engineering
A branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction, and maintenance of environmental facilities conducive to public health, such as water supply and waste disposal.
Maintenance and Engineering, Hospital
Hospital department whose primary function is the upkeep and supervision of the buildings and grounds and the maintenance of hospital physical plant and equipment which requires engineering expertise.
Year introduced: 1980
Ergonomics
The science of designing, building or equipping mechanical devices or artificial environments to the anthropometric, physiological, or psychological requirements of the people who will use them.
Year introduced: 2018
Genetic Engineering
Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.
Engineering
The practical application of physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Chemical Engineering
Application of principles and practices of engineering science to the transformation, design, and manufacture of substances on an industrial scale.
Year introduced: 1966
Biomedical Engineering
Application of principles and practices of engineering science to biomedical research and health care.
Year introduced: 1968