MeSH

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The proteins share an N-terminal PLECKSTRIN HOMOLOGY DOMAIN, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with the phosphorylated INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal TYROSINE-rich domain. Upon tyrosine phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling.

Year introduced: 2009(1992)

A blood protein (NSILA) which mimics the biological activity of insulin in serum, but is not suppressed by insulin antibodies. During acid-ethanol extraction of Cohn fraction III, 10% of the activity is found in the supernatant (NSILA-S) and the remaining activity in the precipitate (NSILA-P). The latter is a large molecular compound, much less stable than the soluble fraction. NSILA-S is a more potent growth factor than insulin and exhibits sulfation activity.

Year introduced: 1977

Portable or implantable devices for infusion of insulin. Includes open-loop systems which may be patient-operated or controlled by a pre-set program and are designed for constant delivery of small quantities of insulin, increased during food ingestion, and closed-loop systems which deliver quantities of insulin automatically based on an electronic glucose sensor.

Year introduced: 1982

Regular insulin preparations that contain the SUS SCROFA insulin peptide sequence.

Year introduced: 2012

Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.

Year introduced: 2012

A cell surface receptor for INSULIN. It comprises a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The receptor contains an intrinsic TYROSINE KINASE domain that is located within the beta subunit. Activation of the receptor by INSULIN results in numerous metabolic changes including increased uptake of GLUCOSE into the liver, muscle, and ADIPOSE TISSUE.

Year introduced: 2000(1977)

A well-characterized neutral peptide believed to be secreted by the LIVER and to circulate in the BLOOD. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like and mitogenic activities. The growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on SOMATOTROPIN. It is believed to be a major fetal growth factor in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I, which is a major growth factor in adults.

Year introduced: 1991(1986)

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

Year introduced: 1991(1986)

A preparation of insulin and zinc chloride in the form of a crystalline suspension. Typically the duration of ultralente insulin activity lasts between 18-30 hours after dosage.

Year introduced: 2012

An insulin, zinc chloride preparation in the form of a suspension of crystals and amorphous material in a ratio of approximately 7:3. Typically, lente insulin has a duration of activity that lasts between 13-20 hours after dosage.

Year introduced: 2012

Insulin derivatives and preparations that are designed to induce a rapid HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT.

Year introduced: 2012

A type of pancreatic cell representing about 50-80% of the islet cells. Beta cells secrete INSULIN.

Year introduced: 2006

Insulin formulations that contain substances that retard absorption thus extending the time period of action.

Year introduced: 2005

An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.

Year introduced: 2009 (1963)

Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.

Year introduced: 1967(1964)

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of insulin.

Year introduced: 1978

Peptides that include INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 (IGF1), and IGF2. They influence brain development through their effects on CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; and NEUROGENESIS. They also influence post-embryonic development by serving as HORMONES; NEUROTRANSMITTERS, and GROWTH FACTORS.

Year introduced: for INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS use SOMATOMEDINS 2022-2024

Hypoglycemic agents that stimulate INSULIN SECRETION from the PANCREATIC BETA CELL to decrease postprandial BLOOD GLUCOSE.

Year introduced: 2023

Insulin that has been modified so that the B-chain contains a LYSINE at position 28 instead of a PROLINE and a PROLINE at position 29 instead of a LYSINE. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with TYPE 2 DIABETES.

Year introduced: 2012(1995)