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Microphthalmia with limb anomalies(MLA)

MedGen UID:
154638
Concept ID:
C0599973
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Anophthalmia Waardenburg syndrome; ANOPHTHALMIA-SYNDACTYLY; Anophthalmos with limb anomalies; Anophthalmos-syndactyly; MICROPHTHALMIA AND LIMB ANOMALIES; MLA; Ophthalmoacromelic syndrome
SNOMED CT: Anophthalmos with limb anomalies (703403003); Anophthalmia-syndactyly (703403003); Syndactyly-anophthalmos syndrome (703403003); Ophthalmoacromelic syndrome (703403003); Anophthalmia-Waardenburg syndrome (703403003); Waardenburg anophthalmia syndrome (703403003); Microphthalmia with limb anomalies (703403003); Anophthalmos-limb anomalies syndrome (703403003); Ophthalmo-acromelic syndrome (703403003)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): SMOC1 (14q24.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0008800
OMIM®: 206920
Orphanet: ORPHA1106

Definition

Microphthalmia with limb anomalies (MLA), also known as Waardenburg anophthalmia syndrome or ophthalmoacromelic syndrome (OAS), is a rare autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by unilateral or bilateral microphthalmia, clinical anophthalmia, syndactyly, polydactyly, synostosis, or oligodactyly. Long-bone hypoplasia and renal, venous, and vertebral anomalies may also be present. Impaired intellectual development is present in about half of affected individuals (summary by Tekin et al., 2000, Abouzeid et al., 2011). [from OMIM]

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
Ophthalmo-acromelic syndrome is a condition that results in malformations of the eyes, hands, and feet. The features of this condition are present from birth. The eyes are often absent or severely underdeveloped (anophthalmia), or they may be abnormally small (microphthalmia). Usually both eyes are similarly affected in this condition, but if only one eye is small or missing, the other eye may have a defect such as a gap or split in its structures (coloboma).

The most common hand and foot malformation seen in ophthalmo-acromelic syndrome is missing fingers or toes (oligodactyly). Other frequent malformations include fingers or toes that are fused together (syndactyly) or extra fingers or toes (polydactyly). These skeletal malformations are often described as acromelic, meaning that they occur in the bones that are away from the center of the body. Additional skeletal abnormalities involving the long bones of the arms and legs or the spinal bones (vertebrae) can also occur. Affected individuals may have distinctive facial features, an opening in the lip (cleft lip) with or without an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), or intellectual disability.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/ophthalmo-acromelic-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Unilateral cryptorchidism
MedGen UID:
98467
Concept ID:
C0431664
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of a testis from the scrotum on one side owing to failure of the testis or testes to descend through the inguinal canal to the scrotum.
Clubfoot
MedGen UID:
3130
Concept ID:
C0009081
Congenital Abnormality
Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).
Toe syndactyly
MedGen UID:
75581
Concept ID:
C0265660
Congenital Abnormality
Webbing or fusion of the toes, involving soft parts only or including bone structure. Bony fusions are referred to as "bony" Syndactyly if the fusion occurs in a radio-ulnar axis. Fusions of bones of the toes in a proximo-distal axis are referred to as "Symphalangism".
Single transverse palmar crease
MedGen UID:
96108
Concept ID:
C0424731
Finding
The distal and proximal transverse palmar creases are merged into a single transverse palmar crease.
Postaxial hand polydactyly
MedGen UID:
609221
Concept ID:
C0431904
Congenital Abnormality
Supernumerary digits located at the ulnar side of the hand (that is, on the side with the fifth finger).
2-3 toe cutaneous syndactyly
MedGen UID:
98470
Concept ID:
C0432040
Congenital Abnormality
Pes valgus
MedGen UID:
299028
Concept ID:
C1578482
Anatomical Abnormality
An outward deviation of the foot at the talocalcaneal or subtalar joint.
Fibular hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
316909
Concept ID:
C1832119
Finding
Underdevelopment of the fibula.
Tibial bowing
MedGen UID:
332360
Concept ID:
C1837081
Finding
A bending or abnormal curvature of the tibia.
Sandal gap
MedGen UID:
374376
Concept ID:
C1840069
Finding
A widely spaced gap between the first toe (the great toe) and the second toe.
4-5 metacarpal synostosis
MedGen UID:
395341
Concept ID:
C1859768
Anatomical Abnormality
Postaxial foot polydactyly
MedGen UID:
384489
Concept ID:
C2112129
Finding
Polydactyly of the foot most commonly refers to the presence of six toes on one foot. Postaxial polydactyly affects the lateral ray and the duplication may range from a well-formed articulated digit to a rudimentary digit.
2-5 toe syndactyly
MedGen UID:
869298
Concept ID:
C4023724
Congenital Abnormality
Syndactyly with fusion of toes two to five.
Foot oligodactyly
MedGen UID:
923973
Concept ID:
C4281601
Anatomical Abnormality
A developmental defect resulting in the presence of fewer than the normal number of toes.
Finger aplasia
MedGen UID:
1841564
Concept ID:
C5779506
Congenital Abnormality
A developmental defect resulting in the presence of fewer than the normal number of fingers (i.e., aplasia of one or more fingers).
Interrupted inferior vena cava with azygous continuation
MedGen UID:
868827
Concept ID:
C4023237
Congenital Abnormality
Interrupted inferior vena cava with azygous continuation is the result of connection failure between the right subcardinal vein and the right vitelline vein. Consequently, venous blood from the caudal part of the body reaches the heart via the azygous vein and superior vena cava.
Growth delay
MedGen UID:
99124
Concept ID:
C0456070
Pathologic Function
A deficiency or slowing down of growth pre- and postnatally.
Postnatal growth retardation
MedGen UID:
395343
Concept ID:
C1859778
Finding
Slow or limited growth after birth.
Failure to thrive
MedGen UID:
746019
Concept ID:
C2315100
Disease or Syndrome
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Posteriorly rotated ears
MedGen UID:
96566
Concept ID:
C0431478
Congenital Abnormality
A type of abnormal location of the ears in which the position of the ears is characterized by posterior rotation (the superior part of the ears is rotated towards the back of the head, and the inferior part of the ears towards the front).
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Hip dislocation
MedGen UID:
42455
Concept ID:
C0019554
Injury or Poisoning
Displacement of the femur from its normal location in the hip joint.
Retrognathia
MedGen UID:
19766
Concept ID:
C0035353
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Frontal bossing
MedGen UID:
67453
Concept ID:
C0221354
Congenital Abnormality
Bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone prominences with relative sparing of the midline.
Capitate-hamate fusion
MedGen UID:
346488
Concept ID:
C1857002
Finding
Camptodactyly of 2nd-5th fingers
MedGen UID:
347863
Concept ID:
C1859368
Finding
The distal interphalangeal joint and/or the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second to fifth fingers cannot be extended to 180 degrees by either active or passive extension.
Metatarsal synostosis
MedGen UID:
349573
Concept ID:
C1862697
Finding
Blepharophimosis
MedGen UID:
2670
Concept ID:
C0005744
Anatomical Abnormality
A fixed reduction in the vertical distance between the upper and lower eyelids with short palpebral fissures.
Cleft upper lip
MedGen UID:
40327
Concept ID:
C0008924
Congenital Abnormality
A gap or groove in the upper lip. This is a congenital defect resulting from nonfusion of tissues of the lip during embryonal development.
High palate
MedGen UID:
66814
Concept ID:
C0240635
Congenital Abnormality
Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).
Downslanted palpebral fissures
MedGen UID:
98391
Concept ID:
C0423110
Finding
The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.
Short palpebral fissure
MedGen UID:
98067
Concept ID:
C0423112
Finding
Distance between the medial and lateral canthi is more than 2 SD below the mean for age (objective); or, apparently reduced length of the palpebral fissures.
Depressed nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
373112
Concept ID:
C1836542
Finding
Posterior positioning of the nasal root in relation to the overall facial profile for age.
Prominent forehead
MedGen UID:
373291
Concept ID:
C1837260
Finding
Forward prominence of the entire forehead, due to protrusion of the frontal bone.
Deep philtrum
MedGen UID:
374311
Concept ID:
C1839797
Finding
Accentuated, prominent philtral ridges giving rise to an exaggerated groove in the midline between the nasal base and upper vermillion border.
Short nose
MedGen UID:
343052
Concept ID:
C1854114
Finding
Distance from nasion to subnasale more than two standard deviations below the mean, or alternatively, an apparently decreased length from the nasal root to the nasal tip.
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).
Flared nostrils
MedGen UID:
1636028
Concept ID:
C4551517
Finding
Sacral dimple
MedGen UID:
98428
Concept ID:
C0426848
Finding
A cutaneous indentation resulting from tethering of the skin to underlying structures (bone) of the intergluteal cleft.
Abnormal eyelash morphology
MedGen UID:
382526
Concept ID:
C2675111
Finding
An abnormality of the eyelashes.
Anophthalmia
MedGen UID:
314
Concept ID:
C0003119
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of the globe or eyeball.
Microphthalmia
MedGen UID:
10033
Concept ID:
C0026010
Congenital Abnormality
Microphthalmia is an eye abnormality that arises before birth. In this condition, one or both eyeballs are abnormally small. In some affected individuals, the eyeball may appear to be completely missing; however, even in these cases some remaining eye tissue is generally present. Such severe microphthalmia should be distinguished from another condition called anophthalmia, in which no eyeball forms at all. However, the terms anophthalmia and severe microphthalmia are often used interchangeably. Microphthalmia may or may not result in significant vision loss.\n\nPeople with microphthalmia may also have a condition called coloboma. Colobomas are missing pieces of tissue in structures that form the eye. They may appear as notches or gaps in the colored part of the eye called the iris; the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye; the blood vessel layer under the retina called the choroid; or in the optic nerves, which carry information from the eyes to the brain. Colobomas may be present in one or both eyes and, depending on their size and location, can affect a person's vision.\n\nPeople with microphthalmia may also have other eye abnormalities, including clouding of the lens of the eye (cataract) and a narrowed opening of the eye (narrowed palpebral fissure). Additionally, affected individuals may have an abnormality called microcornea, in which the clear front covering of the eye (cornea) is small and abnormally curved.\n\nBetween one-third and one-half of affected individuals have microphthalmia as part of a syndrome that affects other organs and tissues in the body. These forms of the condition are described as syndromic. When microphthalmia occurs by itself, it is described as nonsyndromic or isolated.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVMicrophthalmia with limb anomalies
Follow this link to review classifications for Microphthalmia with limb anomalies in Orphanet.

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Willison C, Ramachandran V, Chandler NJ, Hillman S, Ashraf T
Prenat Diagn 2023 Dec;43(13):1674-1677. Epub 2023 Dec 7 doi: 10.1002/pd.6485. PMID: 38059661
Das A, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharjee S, Bagchi A, Dasgupta R
Gene 2016 Jan 10;575(2 Pt 3):765-77. Epub 2015 Oct 8 doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.087. PMID: 26456197

Diagnosis

Willison C, Ramachandran V, Chandler NJ, Hillman S, Ashraf T
Prenat Diagn 2023 Dec;43(13):1674-1677. Epub 2023 Dec 7 doi: 10.1002/pd.6485. PMID: 38059661
Yoshikawa Y, Yamakawa C, Shimabukuro T, Kinjo H, Fukase S, Oshiro H, Katsuki R, Tome Y, Nishida K
Medicine (Baltimore) 2023 Mar 24;102(12):e33414. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033414. PMID: 36961133Free PMC Article
Mancini C, Zonta A, Botta G, Breda Klobus A, Valbonesi S, Pasini B, Giorgio E, Viora E, Brusco A, Brussino A
Eur J Med Genet 2019 Nov;62(11):103578. Epub 2018 Nov 13 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.11.012. PMID: 30445150

Therapy

Yoshikawa Y, Yamakawa C, Shimabukuro T, Kinjo H, Fukase S, Oshiro H, Katsuki R, Tome Y, Nishida K
Medicine (Baltimore) 2023 Mar 24;102(12):e33414. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033414. PMID: 36961133Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Mancini C, Zonta A, Botta G, Breda Klobus A, Valbonesi S, Pasini B, Giorgio E, Viora E, Brusco A, Brussino A
Eur J Med Genet 2019 Nov;62(11):103578. Epub 2018 Nov 13 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.11.012. PMID: 30445150

Clinical prediction guides

Yoshikawa Y, Yamakawa C, Shimabukuro T, Kinjo H, Fukase S, Oshiro H, Katsuki R, Tome Y, Nishida K
Medicine (Baltimore) 2023 Mar 24;102(12):e33414. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033414. PMID: 36961133Free PMC Article
Mancini C, Zonta A, Botta G, Breda Klobus A, Valbonesi S, Pasini B, Giorgio E, Viora E, Brusco A, Brussino A
Eur J Med Genet 2019 Nov;62(11):103578. Epub 2018 Nov 13 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.11.012. PMID: 30445150
Okada I, Hamanoue H, Terada K, Tohma T, Megarbane A, Chouery E, Abou-Ghoch J, Jalkh N, Cogulu O, Ozkinay F, Horie K, Takeda J, Furuichi T, Ikegawa S, Nishiyama K, Miyatake S, Nishimura A, Mizuguchi T, Niikawa N, Hirahara F, Kaname T, Yoshiura K, Tsurusaki Y, Doi H, Miyake N, Furukawa T, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H
Am J Hum Genet 2011 Jan 7;88(1):30-41. Epub 2010 Dec 30 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.012. PMID: 21194678Free PMC Article

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