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Toeing-in

MedGen UID:
534039
•Concept ID:
C0231791
•
Finding; Sign or Symptom
Synonyms: In-toeing; Intoe; Pigeon toe
SNOMED CT: Toeing-in (77599005); In-toeing (77599005); Intoe (77599005); Pigeon toe (77599005)

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Evidence-Based Management of In-Toeing in Children.
Berry KM
Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2018 Oct;57(11):1261-1265. Epub 2018 Apr 13 doi: 10.1177/0009922818769483. PMID: 29652180
In-Toeing Is Often a Primary Care Orthopedic Condition.
Sielatycki JA, Hennrikus WL, Swenson RD, Fanelli MG, Reighard CJ, Hamp JA
J Pediatr 2016 Oct;177:297-301. Epub 2016 Jul 25 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.022. PMID: 27470689

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Causes of out-toeing gait in children with cerebral palsy.
Cao LA, Rethlefsen SA, Wren TAL, Kay RM
Gait Posture 2020 Feb;76:141-145. Epub 2019 Dec 12 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.12.002. PMID: 31855804
Clinical practice. Static, axial, and rotational deformities of the lower extremities in children.
Fabry G
Eur J Pediatr 2010 May;169(5):529-34. Epub 2010 Jan 6 doi: 10.1007/s00431-009-1122-x. PMID: 20052491
In-toeing in children with type I osteogenesis imperfecta: an observational descriptive study.
Losa Iglesias ME, Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R, Salvadores Fuentes P
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2009 Jul-Aug;99(4):326-9. doi: 10.7547/0980326. PMID: 19605926
Out-toeing and in-toeing in patients with Perthes disease: role of the femoral hump.
Yoo WJ, Choi IH, Cho TJ, Chung CY, Park MS, Lee DY
J Pediatr Orthop 2008 Oct-Nov;28(7):717-22. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e318186c4be. PMID: 18812896
In-toeing and out-toeing in children.
Staheli LT
J Fam Pract 1983 May;16(5):1005-11. PMID: 6842143

Diagnosis

Evidence-Based Management of In-Toeing in Children.
Berry KM
Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2018 Oct;57(11):1261-1265. Epub 2018 Apr 13 doi: 10.1177/0009922818769483. PMID: 29652180
In-toeing and out-toeing in children.
Staheli LT
J Fam Pract 1983 May;16(5):1005-11. PMID: 6842143
Toeing in and toeing out in children.
Scherr DD
Mo Med 1976 Jan;73(1):25-8. PMID: 1246230

Therapy

The effectiveness of gait plates in controlling in-toeing symptoms in young children.
Redmond AC
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2000 Feb;90(2):70-6. doi: 10.7547/87507315-90-2-70. PMID: 10697970

Prognosis

Persistent medial deviation of the neck of the talus: a common cause of in-toeing in children.
Bleck EE, Minaire P
J Pediatr Orthop 1983 May;3(2):149-59. doi: 10.1097/01241398-198305000-00002. PMID: 6863520

Clinical prediction guides

In-toeing in children with type I osteogenesis imperfecta: an observational descriptive study.
Losa Iglesias ME, Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R, Salvadores Fuentes P
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2009 Jul-Aug;99(4):326-9. doi: 10.7547/0980326. PMID: 19605926
Out-toeing and in-toeing in patients with Perthes disease: role of the femoral hump.
Yoo WJ, Choi IH, Cho TJ, Chung CY, Park MS, Lee DY
J Pediatr Orthop 2008 Oct-Nov;28(7):717-22. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e318186c4be. PMID: 18812896
The effectiveness of gait plates in controlling in-toeing symptoms in young children.
Redmond AC
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2000 Feb;90(2):70-6. doi: 10.7547/87507315-90-2-70. PMID: 10697970
In-toeing and out-toeing in children.
Staheli LT
J Fam Pract 1983 May;16(5):1005-11. PMID: 6842143

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