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Premature ovarian insufficiency

MedGen UID:
9963
Concept ID:
C0025322
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Premature menopause
SNOMED CT: Premature menopause (373717006)
 
HPO: HP:0008209
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0001119

Definition

Amenorrhea due to loss of ovarian function before the age of 40. Primary ovarian inssuficiency (POI) is a state of female hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. It can manifest as primary amenorrhea with onset before menarche or secondary amenorrhea. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

Conditions with this feature

Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, type 1
MedGen UID:
39125
Concept ID:
C0085859
Disease or Syndrome
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I (APS1) is characterized by the presence of 2 of 3 major clinical symptoms: Addison disease, and/or hypoparathyroidism, and/or chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (Neufeld et al., 1981). However, variable APS1 phenotypes have been observed, even among sibs. In addition, some patients may exhibit apparent isolated hypoparathyroidism, an early manifestation of APS1 with peak incidence at around age 5 years; over long-term follow-up, the development of additional features of APS1 may be observed (Cranston et al., 2022).
Blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome
MedGen UID:
66312
Concept ID:
C0220663
Disease or Syndrome
Blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is defined by a complex eyelid malformation characterized by four major features, all present at birth: blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus, and telecanthus. BPES type I includes the four major features and primary ovarian insufficiency; BPES type II includes only the four major features. Other ophthalmic manifestations that can be associated with BPES include dysplastic eyelids, lacrimal duct anomalies, strabismus, refractive errors, and amblyopia. Other craniofacial features may include a broad nasal bridge and low-set ears.
Deficiency of UDPglucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
MedGen UID:
82777
Concept ID:
C0268151
Disease or Syndrome
The term "galactosemia" refers to disorders of galactose metabolism that include classic galactosemia, clinical variant galactosemia, and biochemical variant galactosemia (not covered in this chapter). This GeneReview focuses on: Classic galactosemia, which can result in life-threatening complications including feeding problems, failure to thrive, hepatocellular damage, bleeding, and E coli sepsis in untreated infants. If a lactose-restricted diet is provided during the first ten days of life, the neonatal signs usually quickly resolve and the complications of liver failure, sepsis, and neonatal death are prevented; however, despite adequate treatment from an early age, children with classic galactosemia remain at increased risk for developmental delays, speech problems (termed childhood apraxia of speech and dysarthria), and abnormalities of motor function. Almost all females with classic galactosemia manifest hypergonadatropic hypogonadism or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Clinical variant galactosemia, which can result in life-threatening complications including feeding problems, failure to thrive, hepatocellular damage including cirrhosis, and bleeding in untreated infants. This is exemplified by the disease that occurs in African Americans and native Africans in South Africa. Persons with clinical variant galactosemia may be missed with newborn screening as the hypergalactosemia is not as marked as in classic galactosemia and breath testing is normal. If a lactose-restricted diet is provided during the first ten days of life, the severe acute neonatal complications are usually prevented. African Americans with clinical variant galactosemia and adequate early treatment do not appear to be at risk for long-term complications, including POI.
Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome
MedGen UID:
83337
Concept ID:
C0342286
Disease or Syndrome
Virtually all individuals with Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome (WSS) have the endocrine findings of hypogonadism (evident at puberty) and progressive childhood-onset hair thinning that often progresses to alopecia totalis in adulthood. More than half of individuals have the neurologic findings of progressive extrapyramidal movements (dystonic spasms with dystonic posturing with dysarthria and dysphagia), moderate bilateral postlingual sensorineural hearing loss, and mild intellectual disability. To date, more than 40 families (including 33 with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis) with a total of 88 affected individuals have been reported in the literature.
PMM2-congenital disorder of glycosylation
MedGen UID:
138111
Concept ID:
C0349653
Disease or Syndrome
PMM2-CDG, the most common of a group of disorders of abnormal glycosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides, is divided into three clinical stages: infantile multisystem, late-infantile and childhood ataxia–intellectual disability, and adult stable disability. The clinical manifestations and course are highly variable, ranging from infants who die in the first year of life to mildly affected adults. Clinical findings tend to be similar in sibs. In the infantile multisystem presentation, infants show axial hypotonia, hyporeflexia, esotropia, and developmental delay. Feeding problems, vomiting, faltering growth, and developmental delay are frequently seen. Subcutaneous fat may be excessive over the buttocks and suprapubic region. Two distinct clinical courses are observed: (1) a nonfatal neurologic course with faltering growth, strabismus, developmental delay, cerebellar hypoplasia, and hepatopathy in infancy followed by neuropathy and retinitis pigmentosa in the first or second decade; and (2) a more severe neurologic-multivisceral course with approximately 20% mortality in the first year of life. The late-infantile and childhood ataxia–intellectual disability stage, which begins between ages three and ten years, is characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, severely delayed language and motor development, inability to walk, and IQ of 40 to 70; other findings include seizures, stroke-like episodes or transient unilateral loss of function, coagulopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, joint contractures, and skeletal deformities. In the adult stable disability stage, intellectual ability is stable; peripheral neuropathy is variable, progressive retinitis pigmentosa and myopia are seen, thoracic and spinal deformities with osteoporosis worsen, and premature aging is observed; females may lack secondary sexual development and males may exhibit decreased testicular volume. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and coagulopathy may occur. The risk for deep venous thrombosis is increased.
Microcephaly, normal intelligence and immunodeficiency
MedGen UID:
140771
Concept ID:
C0398791
Disease or Syndrome
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is characterized by progressive microcephaly, early growth deficiency that improves with age, recurrent respiratory infections, an increased risk for malignancy (primarily lymphoma), and premature ovarian failure in females. Developmental milestones are attained at the usual time during the first year; however, borderline delays in development and hyperactivity may be observed in early childhood. Intellectual abilities tend to decline over time. Recurrent pneumonia and bronchitis may result in respiratory failure and early death. Other reported malignancies include solid tumors (e.g., medulloblastoma, glioma, rhabdomyosarcoma).
Progeroid short stature with pigmented nevi
MedGen UID:
224702
Concept ID:
C1261128
Disease or Syndrome
Mulvihill-Smith syndrome is characterized by premature aging, multiple pigmented nevi, lack of facial subcutaneous fat, microcephaly, short stature, sensorineural hearing loss, and mental retardation. Immunodeficiency may also be a feature. Adult manifestations include the development of tumors, a sleep disorder with severe insomnia, and cognitive decline (summary by Yagihashi et al., 2009).
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions, autosomal dominant 1
MedGen UID:
371919
Concept ID:
C1834846
Disease or Syndrome
POLG-related disorders comprise a continuum of overlapping phenotypes that were clinically defined long before their molecular basis was known. Most affected individuals have some, but not all, of the features of a given phenotype; nonetheless, the following nomenclature can assist the clinician in diagnosis and management. Onset of the POLG-related disorders ranges from infancy to late adulthood. Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS), one of the most severe phenotypes, is characterized by childhood-onset progressive and ultimately severe encephalopathy with intractable epilepsy and hepatic failure. Childhood myocerebrohepatopathy spectrum (MCHS) presents between the first few months of life and about age three years with developmental delay or dementia, lactic acidosis, and a myopathy with failure to thrive. Other findings can include liver failure, renal tubular acidosis, pancreatitis, cyclic vomiting, and hearing loss. Myoclonic epilepsy myopathy sensory ataxia (MEMSA) now describes the spectrum of disorders with epilepsy, myopathy, and ataxia without ophthalmoplegia. MEMSA now includes the disorders previously described as spinocerebellar ataxia with epilepsy (SCAE). The ataxia neuropathy spectrum (ANS) includes the phenotypes previously referred to as mitochondrial recessive ataxia syndrome (MIRAS) and sensory ataxia neuropathy dysarthria and ophthalmoplegia (SANDO). About 90% of persons in the ANS have ataxia and neuropathy as core features. Approximately two thirds develop seizures and almost one half develop ophthalmoplegia; clinical myopathy is rare. Autosomal recessive progressive external ophthalmoplegia (arPEO) is characterized by progressive weakness of the extraocular eye muscles resulting in ptosis and ophthalmoparesis (or paresis of the extraocular muscles) without associated systemic involvement; however, caution is advised because many individuals with apparently isolated arPEO at the onset develop other manifestations of POLG-related disorders over years or decades. Of note, in the ANS spectrum the neuropathy commonly precedes the onset of PEO by years to decades. Autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia (adPEO) typically includes a generalized myopathy and often variable degrees of sensorineural hearing loss, axonal neuropathy, ataxia, depression, parkinsonism, hypogonadism, and cataracts (in what has been called "chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia plus," or "CPEO+").
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions, autosomal dominant 3
MedGen UID:
373087
Concept ID:
C1836439
Disease or Syndrome
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia is characterized by multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions in skeletal muscle. The most common clinical features include adult onset of weakness of the external eye muscles and exercise intolerance. Patients with C10ORF2-linked adPEO may have other clinical features including proximal muscle weakness, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, cataracts, depression, and endocrine abnormalities (summary by Fratter et al., 2010). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia, see PEOA1 (157640). PEO caused by mutations in the POLG gene (174763) is associated with more complicated phenotypes than PEO caused by mutations in the SLC25A4 (103220) or C10ORF2 genes (Lamantea et al., 2002).
Premature ovarian failure 3
MedGen UID:
373230
Concept ID:
C1837008
Disease or Syndrome
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome
MedGen UID:
333403
Concept ID:
C1839780
Disease or Syndrome
FMR1 disorders include fragile X syndrome (FXS), fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), and fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). Fragile X syndrome occurs in individuals with an FMR1 full mutation or other loss-of-function variant and is nearly always characterized in affected males by developmental delay and intellectual disability along with a variety of behavioral issues. Autism spectrum disorder is present in 50%-70% of individuals with FXS. Affected males may have characteristic craniofacial features (which become more obvious with age) and medical problems including hypotonia, gastroesophageal reflux, strabismus, seizures, sleep disorders, joint laxity, pes planus, scoliosis, and recurrent otitis media. Adults may have mitral valve prolapse or aortic root dilatation. The physical and behavioral features seen in males with FXS have been reported in females heterozygous for the FMR1 full mutation, but with lower frequency and milder involvement. FXTAS occurs in individuals who have an FMR1 premutation and is characterized by late-onset, progressive cerebellar ataxia and intention tremor followed by cognitive impairment. Psychiatric disorders are common. Age of onset is typically between 60 and 65 years and is more common among males who are hemizygous for the premutation (40%) than among females who are heterozygous for the premutation (16%-20%). FXPOI, defined as hypergonadotropic hypogonadism before age 40 years, has been observed in 20% of women who carry a premutation allele compared to 1% in the general population.
Premature ovarian failure 2B
MedGen UID:
337159
Concept ID:
C1845105
Disease or Syndrome
Any primary ovarian failure in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the POF1B gene.
Premature ovarian failure 2A
MedGen UID:
336902
Concept ID:
C1845293
Disease or Syndrome
Premature ovarian failure-2A (POF2A) is a defect of ovarian development and is characterized by primary or secondary amenorrhea, with elevated levels of serum gonadotropins, or by early menopause (Bione et al., 1998). Sala et al. (1997) and Bione et al. (1998) suggested that several genes in a region defined as POF2 (Xq13.3-q22) can influence ovary development and/or oogenesis. For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of premature ovarian failure, see POF1 (311360).
Ovarian dysgenesis 2
MedGen UID:
336903
Concept ID:
C1845294
Disease or Syndrome
Hypergonadotropic ovarian failure is a heterogeneous disorder that, in the most severe forms, is a result of ovarian dysgenesis. Ovarian dysgenesis accounts for about half the cases of primary amenorrhea (Timmreck and Reindollar, 2003). Most cases are associated with major X chromosome abnormalities. Accordingly, genetic studies have identified several loci at Xq and Xp11.2-p.22.1 whose functions are relevant for ovarian development (Zinn et al., 1998; Simpson and Rajkovic, 1999; Marozzi et al., 2000).
Sengers syndrome
MedGen UID:
395228
Concept ID:
C1859317
Disease or Syndrome
Sengers syndrome is an autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, exercise intolerance, and lactic acidosis. Mental development is normal, but affected individuals may die early from cardiomyopathy (summary by Mayr et al., 2012). Skeletal muscle biopsies of 2 affected individuals showed severe mtDNA depletion (Calvo et al., 2012).
Osteosclerosis-ichthyosis-premature ovarian failure syndrome
MedGen UID:
355875
Concept ID:
C1864942
Disease or Syndrome
A rare genetic disease characterized by sclerosing dysplasia affecting the diaphyseal and metaphyseal regions of the long bones, as well as the skull and metacarpals, in association with skin changes like those seen in ichthyosis vulgaris and premature ovarian failure with bilateral hypoplasia of the ovaries. Patients present in adulthood, primarily with swelling of the extremities and occasional mild pain in the legs.
Premature ovarian failure 5
MedGen UID:
409743
Concept ID:
C1969060
Disease or Syndrome
Any primary ovarian failure in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the NOBOX gene.
XFE progeroid syndrome
MedGen UID:
410064
Concept ID:
C1970416
Disease or Syndrome
An autosomal recessive condition caused by mutation(s) in the ERCC4 gene, encoding DNA repair endonuclease XPF. it is characterized by characterized by cutaneous photosensitivity and progeroid features in multiple organ systems.
Premature ovarian failure 6
MedGen UID:
394115
Concept ID:
C2676742
Disease or Syndrome
Any primary ovarian failure in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the FIGLA gene.
Premature ovarian failure 7
MedGen UID:
414115
Concept ID:
C2751825
Disease or Syndrome
Any primary ovarian failure in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the NR5A1 gene.
THOC6-related developmental delay-microcephaly-facial dysmorphism syndrome
MedGen UID:
462289
Concept ID:
C3150939
Disease or Syndrome
THOC6 intellectual disability syndrome is associated with moderate-to-severe developmental delay or intellectual disability; nonspecific dysmorphic facial features (tall forehead, deep-set eyes, short and upslanted palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, and long nose with low-hanging columella); microcephaly (typically 2-3 SD below the mean); teeth anomalies (dental caries, malocclusion, and supernumerary teeth); cardiac anomalies (most typically atrial and/or ventricular septal defects); prenatal ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus; cryptorchidism in males; and renal malformations (most commonly unilateral renal agenesis). More rarely, affected individuals may have hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (in females), seizures, poor growth, feeding difficulties, hearing loss, refractive errors and/or other eye abnormalities, vertebral anomalies, micro/retrognathia, and imperforate / anteriorly placed anus.
Perrault syndrome 4
MedGen UID:
815435
Concept ID:
C3809105
Disease or Syndrome
Perrault syndrome is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in males and females and ovarian dysfunction in females. SNHL is bilateral and ranges from profound with prelingual (congenital) onset to moderate with early-childhood onset. When onset is in early childhood, hearing loss can be progressive. Ovarian dysfunction ranges from gonadal dysgenesis (absent or streak gonads) manifesting as primary amenorrhea to primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) defined as cessation of menses before age 40 years. Fertility in affected males is reported as normal (although the number of reported males is limited). Neurologic features described in some individuals with Perrault syndrome include learning difficulties and developmental delay, cerebellar ataxia, and motor and sensory peripheral neuropathy.
Premature ovarian failure 8
MedGen UID:
816697
Concept ID:
C3810367
Disease or Syndrome
Premature ovarian failure (POF), the endpoint of primary ovarian insufficiency, affects approximately 1% of women worldwide. Patients with POF present with at least a 6-month history of amenorrhea and elevated plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (more than 40 mIU per milliliter). The disorder can result from premature depletion of the follicle pool, follicular atresia, follicle growth arrest, or ovarian dysgenesis (see 233300). In approximately 10 to 15% of patients with POF, a genetic cause has been determined (summary by Caburet et al., 2014). For general phenotypic information and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of premature ovarian failure, see POF1 (311360).
Premature ovarian failure 9
MedGen UID:
816706
Concept ID:
C3810376
Disease or Syndrome
Nonsyndromic primary ovarian insufficiency, which is characterized by amenorrhea with elevated gonadotropin levels, is observed in 1% of otherwise healthy women under the age of 40 years (summary by Wang et al., 2014). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of premature ovarian failure, see POF1 (311360).
Leukoencephalopathy, progressive, with ovarian failure
MedGen UID:
863025
Concept ID:
C4014588
Disease or Syndrome
Progressive leukoencephalopathy with ovarian failure is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of motor and cognitive skills, usually with onset in young adulthood. Some patients may have a history of delayed motor development or learning difficulties in early childhood. Neurologic decline is severe, usually resulting in gait difficulties, ataxia, spasticity, and cognitive decline and dementia. Most patients lose speech and become wheelchair-bound or bedridden. Brain MRI shows progressive white matter signal abnormalities in the deep white matter. Affected females develop premature ovarian failure (summary by Dallabona et al., 2014).
Premature ovarian failure 10
MedGen UID:
898849
Concept ID:
C4225402
Disease or Syndrome
Premature ovarian failure-10 (POF10) represents a syndrome characterized by primary amenorrhea, hypergonadotropic ovarian insufficiency, and genomic instability in somatic cells. For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of premature ovarian failure, see POF1 (311360). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of age at natural menopause, see MENOQ1 (300488).
RCBTB1-related retinopathy
MedGen UID:
934647
Concept ID:
C4310680
Disease or Syndrome
An autosomal recessive condition caused by mutation(s) in the RCBTB1 gene, encoding RCC1 and BTB domain-containing protein 1. It is characterized by severe retinal dystrophy. Associated extraocular abnormalities may or may not be present.
Perrault syndrome 6
MedGen UID:
1391447
Concept ID:
C4479656
Disease or Syndrome
Perrault syndrome is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in males and females and ovarian dysfunction in females. SNHL is bilateral and ranges from profound with prelingual (congenital) onset to moderate with early-childhood onset. When onset is in early childhood, hearing loss can be progressive. Ovarian dysfunction ranges from gonadal dysgenesis (absent or streak gonads) manifesting as primary amenorrhea to primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) defined as cessation of menses before age 40 years. Fertility in affected males is reported as normal (although the number of reported males is limited). Neurologic features described in some individuals with Perrault syndrome include learning difficulties and developmental delay, cerebellar ataxia, and motor and sensory peripheral neuropathy.
Premature ovarian failure 1
MedGen UID:
1644269
Concept ID:
C4552079
Disease or Syndrome
Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is a condition that affects women and is characterized by reduced function of the ovaries. The ovaries are the female reproductive organs in which egg cells are produced. As a form of primary ovarian insufficiency, FXPOI can cause irregular menstrual cycles, early menopause, an inability to have children (infertility), and elevated levels of a hormone known as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is produced in both males and females and helps regulate the development of reproductive cells (eggs in females and sperm in males). In females, the level of FSH rises and falls, but overall it increases as a woman ages. In younger women, elevated levels may indicate early menopause and fertility problems.\n\nThe severity of FXPOI is variable. The most severely affected women have overt POI (formerly called premature ovarian failure). These women have irregular or absent menstrual periods and elevated FSH levels before age 40. Overt POI often causes infertility. Other women have occult POI; they have normal menstrual periods but reduced fertility, and they may have elevated levels of FSH (in which case, it is called biochemical POI). The reduction in ovarian function caused by FXPOI results in low levels of the hormone estrogen, which leads to many of the common signs and symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, insomnia, and thinning of the bones (osteoporosis). Women with FXPOI undergo menopause an average of 5 years earlier than women without the condition.
Peripheral neuropathy, autosomal recessive, with or without impaired intellectual development
MedGen UID:
1648480
Concept ID:
C4748283
Disease or Syndrome
Autosomal recessive peripheral neuropathy with or without impaired intellectual development is an early childhood-onset neurologic disorder characterized by slowly progressive distal motor impairment resulting in gait difficulties, often with loss of ambulation, and difficulties using the hands in most patients. Most affected individuals also have impaired intellectual development, although some have normal cognition. Electrophysiologic testing and sural nerve biopsy are most compatible with an axonal motor neuropathy; some patients may show signs of demyelination. Additional features may include eye movement abnormalities, claw hands, foot deformities, and scoliosis (summary by Ylikallio et al., 2017).
Spastic ataxia 9, autosomal recessive
MedGen UID:
1680026
Concept ID:
C5193100
Disease or Syndrome
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome type 1
MedGen UID:
1684764
Concept ID:
C5231433
Disease or Syndrome
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is characterized by a rash that progresses to poikiloderma; sparse hair, eyelashes, and/or eyebrows; small size; skeletal and dental abnormalities; juvenile cataracts; and an increased risk for cancer, especially osteosarcoma. A variety of benign and malignant hematologic abnormalities have been reported in affected individuals. The rash of RTS typically develops between ages three and six months (occasionally as late as age two years) as erythema, swelling, and blistering on the face, subsequently spreading to the buttocks and extremities. The rash evolves over months to years into the chronic pattern of reticulated hypo- and hyperpigmentation, telangiectasias, and punctate atrophy (collectively known as poikiloderma) that persist throughout life. Hyperkeratotic lesions occur in approximately one third of individuals. Skeletal abnormalities can include radial ray defects, ulnar defects, absent or hypoplastic patella, and osteopenia.
Premature ovarian failure 16
MedGen UID:
1684679
Concept ID:
C5231474
Disease or Syndrome
Premature ovarian failure-16 (POF16) is characterized by onset of amenorrhea early in the fourth decade of life, accompanied by elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; see 136530) levels and low estradiol levels. Ovaries are smaller than normal and show a solid echo pattern with no antral follicle (Zhang et al., 2018).
Premature ovarian failure 17
MedGen UID:
1748767
Concept ID:
C5436889
Disease or Syndrome
Premature ovarian failure-17 (POF17) is characterized by early cessation of menses after initial menarche, with small ovaries and uterus (Zhang et al., 2019). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of premature ovarian failure, see POF1 (311360).
Premature ovarian failure 18
MedGen UID:
1785989
Concept ID:
C5543095
Disease or Syndrome
Premature ovarian failure-18 (POF18) is characterized by irregular menstrual cycles and cessation of menstruation in the third decade of life. The uterus is small; ovaries may be small or rudimentary, and do not show follicular activity (Fan et al., 2021). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of premature ovarian failure, see POF1 (311360).
Premature ovarian failure 19
MedGen UID:
1779702
Concept ID:
C5543229
Disease or Syndrome
Premature ovarian failure-19 (POF19) is characterized by irregular menses that cease in the third decade of life, associated with infertility (Felipe-Medina et al., 2020). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of premature ovarian failure, see POF1 (311360).
Mitochondrial dna depletion syndrome 16B (neuroophthalmic type)
MedGen UID:
1780329
Concept ID:
C5543632
Disease or Syndrome
Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome-16B (MTDPS16B) is an autosomal recessive childhood-onset and progressive neuroophthalmic mtDNA depletion disorder characterized by optic atrophy, mixed polyneuropathy, spinal and cerebellar ataxia, and generalized chorea (Dosekova et al., 2020).
Muscular dystrophy, congenital hearing loss, and ovarian insufficiency syndrome
MedGen UID:
1794190
Concept ID:
C5561980
Disease or Syndrome
Muscular dystrophy, congenital hearing loss, and ovarian insufficiency syndrome (MDHLO) is an autosomal recessive systemic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness, sensorineural hearing loss, and endocrine abnormalities, mainly primary amenorrhea due to ovarian insufficiency. Features of the disorder appear soon after birth, although endocrine anomalies are not noted until puberty. The severity of the phenotype is variable: some patients may lose ambulation and have significant respiratory insufficiency, whereas others retain the ability to walk (Foley et al., 2020).
Ovarian dysgenesis 9
MedGen UID:
1794256
Concept ID:
C5562046
Disease or Syndrome
Ovarian dysgenesis-9 (ODG9) is characterized by severe nonsyndromic primary ovarian insufficiency with primary amenorrhea, hypoplastic or absent ovaries, and delayed bone age. Patient cells show evidence of chromosomal instability (Smirin-Yosef et al., 2017; Heddar et al., 2022). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of ovarian dysgenesis, see ODG1 (233300).
Ferguson-Bonni neurodevelopmental syndrome
MedGen UID:
1794275
Concept ID:
C5562065
Disease or Syndrome
Ferguson-Bonni neurodevelopmental syndrome (FERBON) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by global developmental delay, impaired intellectual development, and hypotonia with early motor delay. Additional features may include dysmorphic facies, mild skeletal abnormalities, and hearing loss (summary by Ferguson et al., 2022).
Ovarian dysgenesis 10
MedGen UID:
1801078
Concept ID:
C5676966
Disease or Syndrome
Ovarian dysgenesis-10 (ODG10) is characterized by primary amenorrhea and absent puberty. The uterus is small and prepubertal, and ovaries are streak or not visualized on ultrasound (McGlacken-Byrne et al., 2022). Mutation in the ZSWIM7 gene also causes male infertility due to spermatogenic failure (SPGF71; 619831). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of ovarian dysgenesis, see ODG1 (233300).
Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter 1
MedGen UID:
1830482
Concept ID:
C5779972
Disease or Syndrome
Any leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter in which the cause of the disease is a variation in the EIF2B1 gene.
Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter 2
MedGen UID:
1841040
Concept ID:
C5830404
Disease or Syndrome
Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter-2 (VWM2) is a chronic and progressive autosomal recessive leukoencephalopathy characterized by neurologic deterioration with cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, and relatively mild mental decline. Severity ranges from onset at birth with death in infancy to mild cases with later and even adult onset. Initial development may be normal. Episodes of rapid deterioration occur following febrile infection or minor head trauma. Death occurs after a variable period usually of a few years to a few decades, usually following an episode of fever and coma. Affected females may have ovarian failure manifest as primary or secondary amenorrhea. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy are diagnostic and show a diffuse abnormality of the cerebral white matter beginning in the presymptomatic stage, with increasing amounts of the abnormal white matter vanishing and being replaced by cerebrospinal fluid; autopsy confirms these findings (summary by Leegwater et al., 2001, van der Knaap et al., 2003). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of VWM, see 603896.
Premature ovarian failure 22
MedGen UID:
1849005
Concept ID:
C5882707
Disease or Syndrome
Premature ovarian failure-22 (POF22) is characterized by female infertility, with small to atrophic ovaries and no visible ovarian follicles (Wu et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of premature ovarian failure, see POF1 (311360).

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Ishizuka B
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:626924. Epub 2021 Feb 25 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.626924. PMID: 33716979Free PMC Article
Tesarik J, Galán-Lázaro M, Mendoza-Tesarik R
Int J Mol Sci 2021 Jan 29;22(3) doi: 10.3390/ijms22031371. PMID: 33573050Free PMC Article
European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Guideline Group on POI, Webber L, Davies M, Anderson R, Bartlett J, Braat D, Cartwright B, Cifkova R, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama S, Hogervorst E, Janse F, Liao L, Vlaisavljevic V, Zillikens C, Vermeulen N
Hum Reprod 2016 May;31(5):926-37. Epub 2016 Mar 22 doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew027. PMID: 27008889

Curated

UK NICE Guideline NG23, Menopause: diagnosis and management, 2019

Recent clinical studies

Therapy

Shi YQ, Zhu XT, Zhang SN, Ma YF, Han YH, Jiang Y, Zhang YH
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023;14:1172481. Epub 2023 Aug 1 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1172481. PMID: 37600717Free PMC Article
McGlacken-Byrne SM, Conway GS
Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2022 May;81:98-110. Epub 2021 Nov 16 doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.09.011. PMID: 34924261
Rozenberg S, Di Pietrantonio V, Vandromme J, Gilles C
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021 Dec;35(6):101577. Epub 2021 Sep 10 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101577. PMID: 34535397
Armeni E, Paschou SA, Goulis DG, Lambrinoudaki I
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021 Dec;35(6):101561. Epub 2021 Jun 30 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101561. PMID: 34274232
Spears N, Lopes F, Stefansdottir A, Rossi V, De Felici M, Anderson RA, Klinger FG
Hum Reprod Update 2019 Nov 5;25(6):673-693. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmz027. PMID: 31600388Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Laven JSE, Louwers YV
Fertil Steril 2024 May;121(5):737-741. Epub 2024 Feb 19 doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.02.029. PMID: 38382699
Ishizuka B
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:626924. Epub 2021 Feb 25 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.626924. PMID: 33716979Free PMC Article
Tsiligiannis S, Panay N, Stevenson JC
Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2019;17(6):604-609. doi: 10.2174/1570161117666190122101611. PMID: 30819073
Jiao X, Ke H, Qin Y, Chen ZJ
Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018 Nov;29(11):795-807. Epub 2018 Aug 2 doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.07.002. PMID: 30078697
Vander Borght M, Wyns C
Clin Biochem 2018 Dec;62:2-10. Epub 2018 Mar 16 doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012. PMID: 29555319

Clinical prediction guides

Nappi RE, Chedraui P, Lambrinoudaki I, Simoncini T
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022 Jun;10(6):442-456. Epub 2022 May 4 doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00076-6. PMID: 35525259
Saha S, Roy P, Corbitt C, Kakar SS
Cells 2021 Jun 28;10(7) doi: 10.3390/cells10071613. PMID: 34203240Free PMC Article
Thurston L, Abbara A, Dhillo WS
J Clin Pathol 2019 Sep;72(9):579-587. Epub 2019 Jul 11 doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205579. PMID: 31296604
Jiao X, Ke H, Qin Y, Chen ZJ
Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018 Nov;29(11):795-807. Epub 2018 Aug 2 doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.07.002. PMID: 30078697
Vander Borght M, Wyns C
Clin Biochem 2018 Dec;62:2-10. Epub 2018 Mar 16 doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012. PMID: 29555319

Recent systematic reviews

Stringer JM, Alesi LR, Winship AL, Hutt KJ
Hum Reprod Update 2023 Jul 5;29(4):434-456. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmad005. PMID: 36857094Free PMC Article
Nelson SM, Davis SR, Kalantaridou S, Lumsden MA, Panay N, Anderson RA
Hum Reprod Update 2023 May 2;29(3):327-346. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmac045. PMID: 36651193Free PMC Article
Li M, Zhu Y, Wei J, Chen L, Chen S, Lai D
Climacteric 2023 Apr;26(2):95-102. Epub 2022 Dec 15 doi: 10.1080/13697137.2022.2153033. PMID: 36519275
Khattak H, Malhas R, Craciunas L, Afifi Y, Amorim CA, Fishel S, Silber S, Gook D, Demeestere I, Bystrova O, Lisyanskaya A, Manikhas G, Lotz L, Dittrich R, Colmorn LB, Macklon KT, Hjorth IMD, Kristensen SG, Gallos I, Coomarasamy A
Hum Reprod Update 2022 May 2;28(3):400-416. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmac003. PMID: 35199164Free PMC Article
Anderson RA, Cameron D, Clatot F, Demeestere I, Lambertini M, Nelson SM, Peccatori F
Hum Reprod Update 2022 May 2;28(3):417-434. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmac004. PMID: 35199161Free PMC Article

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Curated

    • NICE, 2019
      UK NICE Guideline NG23, Menopause: diagnosis and management, 2019

    Consumer resources

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