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Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 1 with or without anosmia(HH1)

MedGen UID:
295872
Concept ID:
C1563719
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: DYSPLASIA OLFACTOGENITALIS OF DE MORSIER; HH1; HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM 1 WITH ANOSMIA; Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 1 with or without anosmia (Kallmann syndrome 1); HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM AND ANOSMIA; Kallmann syndrome 1; Kallmann syndrome, type 1, X-linked; Kallmann syndrome, X-linked
 
Gene (location): ANOS1 (Xp22.31)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0010635
OMIM®: 308700

Disease characteristics

Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency (IGD) is characterized by inappropriately low serum concentrations of the gonadotropins LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) in the presence of low circulating concentrations of sex steroids. IGD is associated with a normal sense of smell (normosmic IGD) in approximately 40% of affected individuals and an impaired sense of smell (Kallmann syndrome) in approximately 60%. IGD can first become apparent in infancy, adolescence, or adulthood. Infant boys with congenital IGD often have micropenis and cryptorchidism. Adolescents and adults with IGD have clinical evidence of hypogonadism and incomplete sexual maturation on physical examination. Adult males with IGD tend to have prepubertal testicular volume (i.e., <4 mL), absence of secondary sexual features (e.g., facial and axillary hair growth, deepening of the voice), decreased muscle mass, diminished libido, erectile dysfunction, and infertility. Adult females have little or no breast development and primary amenorrhea. Although skeletal maturation is delayed, the rate of linear growth is usually normal except for the absence of a distinct pubertal growth spurt. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Ravikumar Balasubramanian  |  William F Crowley   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a disorder characterized by absent or incomplete sexual maturation by the age of 18 years, in conjunction with low levels of circulating gonadotropins and testosterone and no other abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be caused by an isolated defect in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH; 152760) release, action, or both. Other associated nonreproductive phenotypes, such as anosmia, cleft palate, and sensorineural hearing loss, occur with variable frequency. In the presence of anosmia, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism has been called 'Kallmann syndrome (KS),' whereas in the presence of a normal sense of smell, it has been termed 'normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH)' (summary by Raivio et al., 2007). Because families have been found to segregate both KS and nIHH, the disorder is here referred to as 'hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with or without anosmia.' For information on the autosomal forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with or without anosmia, see 147950.  http://www.omim.org/entry/308700
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Kallmann syndrome can have a wide variety of additional signs and symptoms. These include a failure of one kidney to develop (unilateral renal agenesis), abnormalities of bones in the fingers or toes, a cleft lip with or without an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate), abnormal eye movements, hearing loss, and abnormalities of tooth development. Some affected individuals have a feature called bimanual synkinesis, in which the movements of one hand are mirrored by the other hand. Bimanual synkinesis can make it difficult to do tasks that require the hands to move separately, such as playing a musical instrument.

In Kallmann syndrome, the sense of smell is either diminished (hyposmia) or completely absent (anosmia). This feature distinguishes Kallmann syndrome from most other forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which do not affect the sense of smell. Many people with Kallmann syndrome are not aware that they are unable to detect odors until the impairment is discovered through testing.

This disorder is a form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which is a condition resulting from a lack of production of certain hormones that direct sexual development. These hormones are normally made in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Males born with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism often have an unusually small penis (micropenis) and undescended testes (cryptorchidism). At puberty, most affected individuals do not develop secondary sex characteristics, such as the growth of facial hair and deepening of the voice in males, the start of monthly periods (menstruation) and breast development in females, and a growth spurt in both sexes. Without treatment, most affected men and women are unable to have biological children (infertile).

Kallmann syndrome is a condition characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/kallmann-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Azoospermia
MedGen UID:
2150
Concept ID:
C0004509
Disease or Syndrome
Absence of any measurable level of sperm,whereby spermatozoa cannot be observed even after centrifugation of the semen pellet.
Cryptorchidism
MedGen UID:
8192
Concept ID:
C0010417
Congenital Abnormality
Cryptorchidism, or failure of testicular descent, is a common human congenital abnormality with a multifactorial etiology that likely reflects the involvement of endocrine, environmental, and hereditary factors. Cryptorchidism can result in infertility and increases risk for testicular tumors. Testicular descent from abdomen to scrotum occurs in 2 distinct phases: the transabdominal phase and the inguinoscrotal phase (summary by Gorlov et al., 2002).
Testicular atrophy
MedGen UID:
57626
Concept ID:
C0156312
Disease or Syndrome
Wasting (atrophy) of the testicle (the male gonad) manifested by a decrease in size and potentially by a loss of fertility.
Decreased testicular size
MedGen UID:
66027
Concept ID:
C0241355
Finding
Reduced volume of the testicle (the male gonad).
Unilateral renal agenesis
MedGen UID:
75607
Concept ID:
C0266294
Congenital Abnormality
A unilateral form of agenesis of the kidney.
Small scrotum
MedGen UID:
141577
Concept ID:
C0455792
Finding
Apparently small scrotum for age.
Micropenis
MedGen UID:
1633603
Concept ID:
C4551492
Congenital Abnormality
Abnormally small penis. At birth, the normal penis is about 3 cm (stretched length from pubic tubercle to tip of penis) with micropenis less than 2.0-2.5 cm.
Pes cavus
MedGen UID:
675590
Concept ID:
C0728829
Congenital Abnormality
An increase in height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot that does not flatten on weight bearing (i.e., a distinctly hollow form of the sole of the foot when it is bearing weight).
Eunuchoid habitus
MedGen UID:
871104
Concept ID:
C4025569
Finding
A body habitus that is tall, slim and underweight, with long legs and long arms (i.e., arm span exceeds height by 5 cm or more).
Anosmia
MedGen UID:
1950
Concept ID:
C0003126
Finding
An inability to perceive odors. This is a general term describing inability to smell arising in any part of the process of smelling from absorption of odorants into the nasal mucous overlying the olfactory epithelium, diffusion to the cilia, binding to olfactory receptor sites, generation of action potentials in olfactory neurons, and perception of a smell.
Cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
849
Concept ID:
C0007758
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).
Bimanual synkinesia
MedGen UID:
473166
Concept ID:
C0454455
Disease or Syndrome
Involuntary movements of one hand that accompany and mirror intentional movements of the opposite hand.
Olfactory lobe agenesis
MedGen UID:
344477
Concept ID:
C1855331
Finding
Hyposmia
MedGen UID:
473584
Concept ID:
C2364082
Finding
A decreased sensitivity to odorants (that is, a decreased ability to perceive odors).
High palate
MedGen UID:
66814
Concept ID:
C0240635
Congenital Abnormality
Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).
Facial asymmetry
MedGen UID:
266298
Concept ID:
C1306710
Finding
An abnormal difference between the left and right sides of the face.
Sparse pubic hair
MedGen UID:
388095
Concept ID:
C1858573
Finding
Reduced number or density of pubic hair.
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
MedGen UID:
82883
Concept ID:
C0271623
Disease or Syndrome
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is characterized by reduced function of the gonads (testes in males or ovaries in females) and results from the absence of the gonadal stimulating pituitary hormones
Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency
MedGen UID:
871170
Concept ID:
C4025644
Finding
Leydig cell insensitivity to gonadotropin
MedGen UID:
871191
Concept ID:
C4025668
Finding
Decreased circulating follicle stimulating hormone concentration
MedGen UID:
892977
Concept ID:
C4072889
Finding
A reduction of the circulating level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Decreased circulating luteinizing hormone level
MedGen UID:
893008
Concept ID:
C4072890
Finding
A reduction in the circulating level of luteinizing hormone (LH).
Decreased serum testosterone concentration
MedGen UID:
892974
Concept ID:
C4073137
Finding
Gynecomastia
MedGen UID:
6694
Concept ID:
C0018418
Disease or Syndrome
Abnormal development of large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement.

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