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Spastic tetraplegia and axial hypotonia, progressive(STAHP)

MedGen UID:
1684731
Concept ID:
C5231422
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: SOD1 DEFICIENCY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
 
Gene (location): SOD1 (21q22.11)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0032828
OMIM®: 618598

Definition

Progressive spastic tetraplegia and axial hypotonia (STAHP) is an autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by onset of severe and progressive motor dysfunction in the first year of life. Affected individuals have severe axial hypotonia combined with spastic tetraplegia, hyperekplexia, hypertonia, and myokymia, reflecting upper motor neuron involvement. Cognitive development may be affected, but only 2 unrelated patients have been reported (Andersen et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Ankle clonus
MedGen UID:
68672
Concept ID:
C0238651
Finding
Clonus is an involuntary tendon reflex that causes repeated flexion and extension of the foot. Ankle clonus is tested by rapidly flexing the foot upward.
Overlapping toe
MedGen UID:
182531
Concept ID:
C0920299
Anatomical Abnormality
Describes a foot digit resting on the dorsal surface of an adjacent digit when the foot is at rest. Initially clawing may be dynamic and only noticeable on walking. Over time the plantar plate tears, subluxation occurs at the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ), and the deformity becomes permanent.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Posteriorly rotated ears
MedGen UID:
96566
Concept ID:
C0431478
Congenital Abnormality
A type of abnormal location of the ears in which the position of the ears is characterized by posterior rotation (the superior part of the ears is rotated towards the back of the head, and the inferior part of the ears towards the front).
Cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
849
Concept ID:
C0007758
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).
Fasciculations
MedGen UID:
5124
Concept ID:
C0015644
Sign or Symptom
Fasciculations are observed as small, local, involuntary muscle contractions (twitching) visible under the skin. Fasciculations result from increased irritability of an axon (which in turn is often a manifestation of disease of a motor neuron). This leads to sporadic discharges of all the muscle fibers controlled by the axon in isolation from other motor units.
Babinski sign
MedGen UID:
19708
Concept ID:
C0034935
Finding
Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.
Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
Concept ID:
C0151889
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
Abnormal pyramidal sign
MedGen UID:
68582
Concept ID:
C0234132
Sign or Symptom
Functional neurological abnormalities related to dysfunction of the pyramidal tract.
Spastic tetraparesis
MedGen UID:
658719
Concept ID:
C0575059
Disease or Syndrome
Spastic weakness affecting all four limbs.
Myokymia
MedGen UID:
146882
Concept ID:
C0684219
Sign or Symptom
Myokymia consists of involuntary, fine, continuous, undulating contractions that spread across the affected striated muscle.
Cerebellar atrophy
MedGen UID:
196624
Concept ID:
C0740279
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar atrophy is defined as a cerebellum with initially normal structures, in a posterior fossa with normal size, which displays enlarged fissures (interfolial spaces) in comparison to the foliae secondary to loss of tissue. Cerebellar atrophy implies irreversible loss of tissue and result from an ongoing progressive disease until a final stage is reached or a single injury, e.g. an intoxication or infectious event.
Lower limb spasticity
MedGen UID:
220865
Concept ID:
C1271100
Finding
Spasticity (velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone and hyperexcitable tendon reflexes) in the muscles of the lower limbs, hips, and pelvis.
Exaggerated startle response
MedGen UID:
329357
Concept ID:
C1740801
Finding
An exaggerated startle reaction in response to a sudden unexpected visual or acoustic stimulus, or a quick movement near the face.
Absent speech
MedGen UID:
340737
Concept ID:
C1854882
Finding
Complete lack of development of speech and language abilities.
Hypertonia
MedGen UID:
10132
Concept ID:
C0026826
Finding
A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.
Axial hypotonia
MedGen UID:
342959
Concept ID:
C1853743
Finding
Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) affecting the musculature of the trunk.
Increased circulating lactate concentration
MedGen UID:
332209
Concept ID:
C1836440
Finding
Abnormally increased level of blood lactate (2-hydroxypropanoic acid). Lactate is produced from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase during normal metabolism. The terms lactate and lactic acid are often used interchangeably but lactate (the component measured in blood) is strictly a weak base whereas lactic acid is the corresponding acid. Lactic acidosis is often used clinically to describe elevated lactate but should be reserved for cases where there is a corresponding acidosis (pH below 7.35).
Polyhydramnios
MedGen UID:
6936
Concept ID:
C0020224
Pathologic Function
The presence of excess amniotic fluid in the uterus during pregnancy.

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

de Souza PVS, Pinto WBVR, Farias IB, Badia BML, Pinto IFN, Costa GC, Marin CM, Dos Santos Jorge AC, Souto EC, Serrano PL, Machado RIL, Chieia MAT, Bertini E, Oliveira ASB
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021 Aug 11;16(1):360. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01993-0. PMID: 34380534Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Hamamie-Chaar A, Renaud M, Gençpinar P, Bruel AL, Philippe C, Maraval J, Racine C, Hadouiri N, Lambert L, Schmitt E, Banneau G, Hocquel A, Thauvin-Robinet C, Faivre L, Thomas Q
J Neurol 2024 Sep;271(9):6343-6348. Epub 2024 Jul 13 doi: 10.1007/s00415-024-12565-0. PMID: 39003427Free PMC Article
Chauvet E, Ribeiro D, Kern I, Fluss J
J Inherit Metab Dis 2024 Mar;47(2):217-219. Epub 2024 Feb 7 doi: 10.1002/jimd.12716. PMID: 38326670
Helman G, Zerem A, Almad A, Hacker JL, Woidill S, Sase S, LeFevre AN, Ekstein J, Johansson MM, Stutterd CA, Taft RJ, Simons C, Grinspan JB, Pizzino A, Schmidt JL, Harding B, Hirsch Y, Viaene AN, Fattal-Valevski A, Vanderver A
Pediatr Neurol 2021 Aug;121:11-19. Epub 2021 May 14 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.04.014. PMID: 34111619Free PMC Article
Richard I, Péreon Y, Guiheneu P, Nogues B, Perrouin-Verbe B, Mathe JF
Paraplegia 1995 Nov;33(11):640-6. doi: 10.1038/sc.1995.135. PMID: 8584298

Prognosis

Richard I, Péreon Y, Guiheneu P, Nogues B, Perrouin-Verbe B, Mathe JF
Paraplegia 1995 Nov;33(11):640-6. doi: 10.1038/sc.1995.135. PMID: 8584298

Clinical prediction guides

Hamamie-Chaar A, Renaud M, Gençpinar P, Bruel AL, Philippe C, Maraval J, Racine C, Hadouiri N, Lambert L, Schmitt E, Banneau G, Hocquel A, Thauvin-Robinet C, Faivre L, Thomas Q
J Neurol 2024 Sep;271(9):6343-6348. Epub 2024 Jul 13 doi: 10.1007/s00415-024-12565-0. PMID: 39003427Free PMC Article

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