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    PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 5743, updated on 2-Nov-2024

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    PTGS2provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:9605
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000073756 MIM:600262; AllianceGenome:HGNC:9605
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    COX2; COX-2; PHS-2; PGG/HS; PGHS-2; hCox-2; GRIPGHS
    Summary
    Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), also known as cyclooxygenase, is the key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase. There are two isozymes of PTGS: a constitutive PTGS1 and an inducible PTGS2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. This gene encodes the inducible isozyme. It is regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is responsible for the prostanoid biosynthesis involved in inflammation and mitogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]
    Expression
    Biased expression in bone marrow (RPKM 59.3), urinary bladder (RPKM 41.1) and 11 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    See PTGS2 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    1q31.1
    Exon count:
    10
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 1 NC_000001.11 (186671791..186680423, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 1 NC_060925.1 (186026616..186035248, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 1 NC_000001.10 (186640923..186649555, complement)

    Chromosome 1 - NC_000001.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene PDC antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene phosducin Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:186481023-186481524 Neighboring gene parkin coregulated like pseudogene Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:186606177-186606842 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:186606843-186607508 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 15579 Neighboring gene MED14-independent group 3 enhancer GRCh37_chr1:186646706-186647905 Neighboring gene PTGS2 antisense NFKB1 complex-mediated expression regulator RNA Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 1649 Neighboring gene phospholipase A2 group IVA Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak520 silencer Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:186954018-186954519

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Expression

    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?

    Phenotypes

    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Description
    Genome-wide association scan identifies a prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 variant involved in risk of knee osteoarthritis.
    EBI GWAS Catalog

    HIV-1 interactions

    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env HIV-1 gp120 upregulates the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) in human B cells PubMed
    env Overexpression of NF-kappaB inhibitory subunit, IkappaBalpha, completely abrogates gp120-induced COX-2 activity PubMed
    env HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 is able to induce COX-2 mRNA and protein in human neuroblastoma cell lines that express CXCR4 and CCR5 but not CD4; gp120 induces COX-2 promoter transcription through NF-kappaB and activating protein-1 (AP-1) sites PubMed
    env HIV-1 clade B gp120 induces higher levels of expression of the neuropathogenic molecule cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated arachidonic acid by-products, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) compared to clade C gp120 PubMed
    env HIV-1 gp120 increases the intracellular concentrations of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 by upregulating the activity and expression of the arachidonate-metabolizing enzymes prostaglandin H synthase and 5-lipoxygenase, respectively PubMed
    env Preincubation of human astrocytoma cells with HIV-1 gp120 produces a significant increase of nitrite and PGE2 in cell supernatants; the effect of gp120 on both nitrite and PGE2 production is inhibited by antagonists of NO synthase or cyclooxygenase PubMed
    Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 env Exposure of TZM-bl-2 cells to HIV gp41 increases PTGS2 (COX-2) mRNA PubMed
    env A synthetic peptide corresponding to the immunosuppressive domain (amino acids 574-592) of HIV-1 gp41 upregulates the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2; prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase) in peptide-treated PBMCs PubMed
    Nef nef Coincubation of HIV-1 Nef and IFN-gamma downregulates COX-2 expression compared to untreated, Nef- or IFN-gamma-treated Caco-2 cells PubMed
    Tat tat Transcription factors NFAT and AP-1 (c-Jun/c-Fos) are required for HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of COX-2 PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis increase Leishmania growth in HIV-1-infected macrophages PubMed
    Vpr vpr Treatment of human primary astrocytes with HIV-1 Vpr downregulates expression of eleven genes, BNIP3, CYGB, DUOX2, DUSP1, FOXM1, GAPDH, HPRT1, MT3, MTL5, PTGS2, and SCARA3 PubMed
    matrix gag Exposure of TZM-bl-2 cells to HIV MA (p17) increases COX-2 mRNA PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Markers

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables enzyme binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables heme binding ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    enables metal ion binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables peroxidase activity NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein homodimerization activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in angiogenesis IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in bone mineralization IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in brown fat cell differentiation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular oxidant detoxification IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to ATP IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to fluid shear stress IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to heat IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to homocysteine IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to hypoxia IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in cellular response to lead ion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to mechanical stimulus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to non-ionic osmotic stress IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cyclooxygenase pathway IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in cyclooxygenase pathway IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in decidualization IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in embryo implantation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in hair cycle IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in learning IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in maintenance of blood-brain barrier IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in memory IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of calcium ion transport IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of cell cycle IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of cell population proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of apoptotic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of fever generation ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of protein import into nucleus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of synaptic plasticity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of vasoconstriction IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in prostaglandin secretion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in regulation of blood pressure ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in regulation of inflammatory response NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of neuroinflammatory response ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in response to angiotensin IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to estradiol IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to fatty acid IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to fructose IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to glucocorticoid IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to manganese ion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to nematode IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to oxidative stress IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to selenium ion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to tumor necrosis factor IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to vitamin D IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to xenobiotic stimulus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in caveola IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    is_active_in cytoplasm IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    located_in cytoplasm IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in cytoplasm ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum lumen TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    is_active_in neuron projection IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    located_in neuron projection IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in nuclear inner membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in nuclear outer membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of protein-containing complex IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
    Names
    PGH synthase 2
    PHS II
    cyclooxygenase 2
    cyclooxygenase 2b
    prostaglandin H2 synthase 2
    prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
    NP_000954.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_028206.2 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5005..13637
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_000963.4NP_000954.1  prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000954.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL033533, BC013734, BM978796, DA277667, KF455116
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS1371.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K802, P35354, Q16876
      Related
      ENSP00000356438.5, ENST00000367468.10
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd09816
      Location:75562
      prostaglandin_endoperoxide_synthase; Animal prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and related bacterial proteins
      cd00054
      Location:1954
      EGF_CA; Calcium-binding EGF-like domain, present in a large number of membrane-bound and extracellular (mostly animal) proteins. Many of these proteins require calcium for their biological function and calcium-binding sites have been found to be located at the ...

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000001.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      186671791..186680423 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060925.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      186026616..186035248 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)