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APOL1 apolipoprotein L1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 8542, updated on 7-Apr-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
APOL1provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
apolipoprotein L1provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:618
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000100342 MIM:603743; AllianceGenome:HGNC:618
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
APOL; APO-L; FSGS4; APOL-I
Summary
This gene encodes a secreted high density lipoprotein which binds to apolipoprotein A-I. Apolipoprotein A-I is a relatively abundant plasma protein and is the major apoprotein of HDL. It is involved in the formation of most cholesteryl esters in plasma and also promotes efflux of cholesterol from cells. This apolipoprotein L family member may play a role in lipid exchange and transport throughout the body, as well as in reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral cells to the liver. Several different transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]
Expression
Ubiquitous expression in liver (RPKM 56.2), urinary bladder (RPKM 39.7) and 21 other tissues See more
Orthologs
all
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Genomic context

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See APOL1 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
22q12.3
Exon count:
7
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 22 NC_000022.11 (36253133..36267525)
RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 22 NC_060946.1 (36713249..36727639)
105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 22 NC_000022.10 (36649179..36663571)

Chromosome 22 - NC_000022.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36586149-36586650 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 479 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36597831-36598330 Neighboring gene apolipoprotein L4 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18917 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36623209-36623887 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36634500-36635014 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18918 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18919 Neighboring gene apolipoprotein L2 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18920 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36651041-36651540 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36654247-36655038 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36682442-36682954 Neighboring gene CDK7 strongly-dependent group 2 enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36696002-36697201 Neighboring gene microRNA 6819 Neighboring gene myosin heavy chain 9 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36723803-36724432 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36724433-36725062 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18921 Neighboring gene MED14-independent group 3 enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36727082-36728281 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13663 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13664 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36734293-36734793 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36738402-36738920 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36738921-36739438 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36739775-36740434 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36749021-36749750 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36750200-36750700 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36750701-36751201 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36753095-36754036 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18925 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18926 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36758744-36759684 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18928 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18927 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 8689 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18929 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18930 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 18931 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36781171-36781884 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36781885-36782598 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13665 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13666 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 2056 Neighboring gene MYH9 divergent transcript Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:36805192-36805812

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. Implementation of a culturally competent APOL1 genetic testing programme into living donor evaluation: A two-site, non-randomised, pre-post trial design. Smith JD, et al. BMJ Open, 2023 May 15. PMID 37188469, Free PMC Article
  2. APOL1 and the risk of adverse renal outcomes in patients of African ancestry with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chung CP, et al. Lupus, 2023 May. PMID 37105192, Free PMC Article
  3. Hypoxia hits APOL1 in the kidney. Grampp S, et al. Kidney Int, 2023 Jul. PMID 37098381
  4. Coronavirus disease 2019-associated nephropathy in an African American patient: a case report and review of the literature. Dhillon VS, et al. J Med Case Rep, 2023 Apr 7. PMID 37024977, Free PMC Article
  5. Inhibiting APOL1 to Treat Kidney Disease. Williams WW, et al. N Engl J Med, 2023 Mar 16. PMID 36920762

See all (294) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. IFI16 Is Indispensable for Promoting HIF-1alpha-Mediated APOL1 Expression in Human Podocytes under Hypoxic Conditions.
    Title: IFI16 Is Indispensable for Promoting HIF-1α-Mediated APOL1 Expression in Human Podocytes under Hypoxic Conditions.
  2. Phenome-wide analysis reveals epistatic associations between APOL1 variants and chronic kidney disease and multiple other disorders.
    Title: Phenome-wide analysis reveals epistatic associations between APOL1 variants and chronic kidney disease and multiple other disorders.
  3. Genome-Wide Polygenic Risk Score for CKD in Individuals with APOL1 High-Risk Genotypes.
    Title: Genome-Wide Polygenic Risk Score for CKD in Individuals with APOL1 High-Risk Genotypes.
  4. APOL1-mediated monovalent cation transport contributes to APOL1-mediated podocytopathy in kidney disease.
    Title: APOL1-mediated monovalent cation transport contributes to APOL1-mediated podocytopathy in kidney disease.
  5. HIF-2alpha/LINC02609/APOL1-mediated lipid storage promotes endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and regulates tumor progression in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.
    Title: HIF-2α/LINC02609/APOL1-mediated lipid storage promotes endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and regulates tumor progression in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.
  6. Idiopathic collapsing glomerulopathy is associated with APOL1 high-risk genotypes or Mendelian variants in most affected individuals in a highly admixed population.
    Title: Idiopathic collapsing glomerulopathy is associated with APOL1 high-risk genotypes or Mendelian variants in most affected individuals in a highly admixed population.
  7. Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) renal risk variant-mediated podocyte cytotoxicity depends on African haplotype and surface expression.
    Title: Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) renal risk variant-mediated podocyte cytotoxicity depends on African haplotype and surface expression.
  8. APOL1 Gene Variants and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease.
    Title: APOL1 Gene Variants and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease.
  9. APOL1 Risk Variants Associate With the Prevalence of Stroke in African American Current and Past Smokers.
    Title: APOL1 Risk Variants Associate With the Prevalence of Stroke in African American Current and Past Smokers.
  10. Strong protective effect of the APOL1 p.N264K variant against G2-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and kidney disease.
    Title: Strong protective effect of the APOL1 p.N264K variant against G2-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and kidney disease.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (291)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Associated conditions

Description Tests
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 4, susceptibility to
MedGen: C2675525 OMIM: 612551 GeneReviews: Not available
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EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
A risk allele for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in African Americans is located within a region containing APOL1 and MYH9.
EBI GWAS Catalog

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

HIV-1 interactions

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Replication interactions

Interaction Pubs
Infectious wild type HIV-1 production is restricted by 293T cells over-expressing APOL1 PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Nef nef APOL1 downregulates the steady-state levels of HIV-1 Vef in cells transfected by HIV-1 clones PubMed
Pr55(Gag) gag IFN-gamma-stimulated expression of APOL1 in differentiated U937 monocytes contributes to inhibition of HIV-1 Gag/p24 expression PubMed
gag Inhibition of endocytosis by siRNA-mediated depletion of EPS15, STX7, RAB7, and VAMP7 restores Gag/p24 expression in the presence of APOL1 PubMed
gag APOL1 downregulates the steady-state levels of HIV-1 Gag and CA by rapid degradation of synthesized Gag and inhibition of Gag expression at the transcriptional level PubMed
Vif vif Depletion of RAB7A by siRNA results in partial recovery of HIV-1 Vif in the presence of APOL1, suggesting that Vif is partly degraded by a RAB7-dependent pathway PubMed
vif APOL1 downregulates the steady-state levels of HIV-1 Vif by secretion in microvesicles and lysosomal degradation PubMed
Vpu vpu APOL1 downregulates the steady-state levels of HIV-1 Vpu in cells transfected by HIV-1 clones PubMed
capsid gag IFN-gamma-stimulated expression of APOL1 in differentiated U937 monocytes contributes to inhibition of HIV-1 Gag/p24 expression PubMed
gag Inhibition of endocytosis by siRNA-mediated depletion of EPS15, STX7, RAB7, and VAMP7 restores Gag/p24 expression in the presence of APOL1 PubMed
gag APOL1 downregulates the steady-state levels of HIV-1 Gag and CA by rapid degradation of synthesized Gag and inhibition of Gag expression at the transcriptional level PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables chloride channel activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables lipid binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables lipid binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in chloride transmembrane transport IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in cholesterol metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in cytolysis by host of symbiont cells IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in innate immune response IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in lipid transport IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in lipoprotein metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in blood microparticle HDA PubMed 
located_in endoplasmic reticulum lumen TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in extracellular region TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in extracellular space IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
part_of high-density lipoprotein particle IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in membrane IC
Inferred by Curator
more info
 PubMed 
part_of very-low-density lipoprotein particle IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

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Preferred Names
apolipoprotein L1
Names
apolipoprotein L 1
apolipoprotein L1-B3

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_023228.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5001..19461
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics), LRG_169

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001136540.2 → NP_001130012.1  apolipoprotein L1 isoform a precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001130012.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) uses a different splice site in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1 and 3 encode the same protein (isoform a).
    Source sequence(s)
    BC017331, BG419709, DC340792, Z82215
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13926.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A5PLQ4, B4DU12, E9PF24, O14791, O60804, Q5R3P7, Q5R3P8, Q96AB8, Q96PM4, Q9BQ03
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q2KHQ6
    Related
    ENSP00000391302.2, ENST00000427990.6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam05461
    Location:78 → 392
    ApoL; Apolipoprotein L

  2. NM_001136541.2 → NP_001130013.1  apolipoprotein L1 isoform c precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001130013.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks an alternate in-frame 5' coding segment, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform c) has a shorter N-terminus when it is compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AK300454, BC017331, Z82215
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS46702.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A1P8SD62
    Related
    ENSP00000388477.1, ENST00000426053.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam05461
    Location:74 → 374
    ApoL; Apolipoprotein L

  3. NM_001362927.2 → NP_001349856.1  apolipoprotein L1 isoform c precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (5) uses a different splice site in the 5' UTR and lacks an alternate in-frame 5' coding segment, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform c) has a shorter N-terminus when it is compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    Z82215
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS46702.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A1P8SD62
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam05461
    Location:74 → 374
    ApoL; Apolipoprotein L

  4. NM_003661.4 → NP_003652.2  apolipoprotein L1 isoform a precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_003652.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the predominant protein (isoform a). Variants 1 and 3 encode the same protein (isoform a).
    Source sequence(s)
    BC017331, BC112943, Z82215
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13926.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A5PLQ4, B4DU12, E9PF24, O14791, O60804, Q5R3P7, Q5R3P8, Q96AB8, Q96PM4, Q9BQ03
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q2KHQ6
    Related
    ENSP00000380448.4, ENST00000397278.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam05461
    Location:78 → 392
    ApoL; Apolipoprotein L

  5. NM_145343.3 → NP_663318.1  apolipoprotein L1 isoform b precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2), also called splice variant b, includes an alternate in-frame exon in the 5' coding region and utilizes an upstream in-frame start codon compared to variant 1. The encoded protein (isoform b) has a longer N-terminus compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    Z82215
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13925.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B2R9E5
    Related
    ENSP00000317674.4, ENST00000319136.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam05461
    Location:108 → 408
    ApoL; Apolipoprotein L

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000022.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    36253133..36267525
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060946.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    36713249..36727639
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

  1. NM_145344.1: Suppressed sequence

    Description
    NM_145344.1: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because it is a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) candidate.
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
O14791.5 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:O14791

Gene LinkOut

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