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DPE2 disproportionating enzyme 2 [ Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) ]

Gene ID: 818682, updated on 18-Sep-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
DPE2
Official Full Name
disproportionating enzyme 2
Primary source
TAIR:AT2G40840
Locus tag
AT2G40840
See related
Araport:AT2G40840
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype: Columbia)
Lineage
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis
Also known as
disproportionating enzyme 2; T20B5.4; T20B5_4
Summary
Encodes a cytosolic protein with transglucosidase and amylomaltase activity. It is an essential component of the pathway from starch to sucrose and cellular metabolism in leaves at night. The protein binds to heteroglycans and utilizes glucose, mannose and xylose as acceptors. Fucose and galactose can also act as acceptors but less efficiently than the previous three. It was also was also recently reported to act on maltodextrins. On the other hand, arabinose and fructose were not efficiently used. Its role probably includes metabolizing maltose exported from the chloroplast. Studies using maltose extracted from the double mutant be2-1 be3-2 showed that this enzyme is preferentially active of beta-maltose.
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Genomic context

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See DPE2 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
chromosome: 2
Exon count:
23
Sequence:
Chromosome: 2; NC_003071.7 (17044932..17051062)

Chromosome 2 - NC_003071.7Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene stomatal closure actin-binding-like protein Neighboring gene RING-H2 finger C1A Neighboring gene phosphoinositide 4-kinase gamma 1 Neighboring gene protein kinase family protein / protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) family protein Neighboring gene cytochrome P450, family 98, subfamily A, polypeptide 3 Neighboring gene cystatin A

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:
NC_003071.7

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. A transglucosidase necessary for starch degradation and maltose metabolism in leaves at night acts on cytosolic heteroglycans (SHG). Fettke J, et al. Plant J, 2006 May. PMID 16640603
  2. Cellular and organ level localization of maltose in maltose-excess Arabidopsis mutants. Lu Y, et al. Planta, 2006 Sep. PMID 16596410
  3. A cytosolic glucosyltransferase is required for conversion of starch to sucrose in Arabidopsis leaves at night. Chia T, et al. Plant J, 2004 Mar. PMID 14996213
  4. The role of amylomaltase in maltose metabolism in the cytosol of photosynthetic cells. Lu Y, et al. Planta, 2004 Jan. PMID 14593480
  5. Double knockout mutants of Arabidopsis grown under normal conditions reveal that the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme participates in transitory starch metabolism. Malinova I, et al. Plant Physiol, 2014 Feb. PMID 24302650, Free PMC Article

See all (13) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Reduced starch granule number per chloroplast in the DPE2/PHS1 mutant is dependent on initiation of starch degradation via GWD3.
    Title: Reduced starch granule number per chloroplast in the dpe2/phs1 mutant is dependent on initiation of starch degradation.
  2. When grown in a light-dark regime, mesophyll chloroplasts of dpe2-1xphs1a contain a single starch granule but under continuous illumination more granules per chloroplast are formed.
    Title: Double knockout mutants of Arabidopsis grown under normal conditions reveal that the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme participates in transitory starch metabolism.
  3. pgm, sex1, mex1, dpe1 and dpe2 starch metabolism mutants grown in three different photoperiods display root growth patterns of all genotypes characteristic modifications in their diurnal kinetics that were also affected by the photoperiod.
    Title: Mutations in leaf starch metabolism modulate the diurnal root growth profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana.
  4. DPE2 is not associated with the chloroplast in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Title: Cellular and organ level localization of maltose in maltose-excess Arabidopsis mutants.
  5. A comparison of ATPHS2 and DPE2 from A. thaliana with MalP and MalQ from E. coli is presented.
    Title: The role of cytosolic alpha-glucan phosphorylase in maltose metabolism and the comparison of amylomaltase in Arabidopsis and Escherichia coli.
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Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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NM_129647.4

Gene Ontology Provided by TAIR

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables heteropolysaccharide binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables starch binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within maltose catabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within maltose metabolic process IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within polysaccharide metabolic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within starch catabolic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in chloroplast ISM
Inferred from Sequence Model
more info
  
located_in cytosol HDA PubMed 
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

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Preferred Names
disproportionating enzyme 2
NP_181616.3
  • disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2); FUNCTIONS IN: 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity, heteroglycan binding; INVOLVED IN: polysaccharide metabolic process, circadian rhythm, maltose catabolic process, maltose metabolic process, starch catabolic process; LOCATED IN: cytosol; EXPRESSED IN: 23 plant structures; EXPRESSED DURING: 13 growth stages; CONTAINS InterPro DOMAIN/s: Immunoglobulin-like fold (InterPro:IPR013783), Carbohydrate-binding-like fold (InterPro:IPR013784), Glycoside hydrolase, family 77 (InterPro:IPR003385), Glycoside hydrolase, catalytic core (InterPro:IPR017853), Glycoside hydrolase, carbohydrate-binding (InterPro:IPR002044), Glycoside hydrolase, subgroup, catalytic core (InterPro:IPR013781); BEST Arabidopsis thaliana protein match is: disproportionating enzyme (TAIR:AT5G64860.1); Has 35333 Blast hits to 34131 proteins in 2444 species: Archae - 798; Bacteria - 22429; Metazoa - 974; Fungi - 991; Plants - 531; Viruses - 0; Other Eukaryotes - 9610 (source: NCBI BLink).

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_003071.7 Reference assembly

    Range
    17044932..17051062
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_129647.4 → NP_181616.3  disproportionating enzyme 2 [Arabidopsis thaliana]

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_181616.3

    Status: REVIEWED

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    O22198, Q8RXD9
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A178VUH8
    Conserved Domains (4) summary
    cd05815
    Location:20 → 120
    CBM20_DPE2_repeat1; Disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2), N-terminal CBM20 (carbohydrate-binding module, family 20) domain, repeat 1. DPE2 is a transglucosidase that is essential for the cytosolic metabolism of maltose in plant leaves at night. Maltose is an intermediate on ...
    cd05816
    Location:164 → 261
    CBM20_DPE2_repeat2; Disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2), N-terminal CBM20 (carbohydrate-binding module, family 20) domain, repeat 2. DPE2 is a transglucosidase that is essential for the cytosolic metabolism of maltose in plant leaves at night. Maltose is an intermediate on ...
    PLN02950
    Location:17 → 918
    PLN02950; 4-alpha-glucanotransferase
    pfam02446
    Location:276 → 919
    Glyco_hydro_77; 4-alpha-glucanotransferase
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
Q8RXD9.1

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