PRL prolactin [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: PRLprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name: prolactinprovided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:9445
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000172179 MIM:176760; AllianceGenome:HGNC:9445
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: GHA1
Summary: This gene encodes the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin. This secreted hormone is a growth regulator for many tissues, including cells of the immune system. It may also play a role in cell survival by suppressing apoptosis, and it is essential for lactation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]
Expression: Biased expression in placenta (RPKM 13.9) and endometrium (RPKM 5.4) See more
Orthologs: all
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Genomic context

Location:: 6p22.3

Exon count:: 7

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2023_10	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	6	NC_000006.12 (22287246..22302835, complement)
RS_2023_10	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	6	NC_060930.1 (22159710..22175312, complement)
105.20220307	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	6	NC_000006.11 (22287475..22303064, complement)

Chromosome 6 - NC_000006.12 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

A study on the correlations of PRL levels with anxiety, depression, sleep, and self-efficacy in patients with prolactinoma.
Title: A study on the correlations of PRL levels with anxiety, depression, sleep, and self-efficacy in patients with prolactinoma.
Current Insights in Prolactin Signaling and Ovulatory Function.
Title: Current Insights in Prolactin Signaling and Ovulatory Function.
Prolactin levels in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a retrospective case-control study.
Title: Prolactin levels in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a retrospective case-control study.
The association between serum prolactin levels and live birth rates in non-PCOS patients: A retrospective cohort study.
Title: The association between serum prolactin levels and live birth rates in non-PCOS patients: A retrospective cohort study.
Circulating prolactin level in Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and its correlation with disease activity: a case control study.
Title: Circulating prolactin level in Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and its correlation with disease activity: a case control study.
Testosterone and Prolactin Perturbations Possibly Associated with Reduced Levels of beta-Arrestin1 in Mononuclear Leukocytes of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
Title: Testosterone and Prolactin Perturbations Possibly Associated with Reduced Levels of β-Arrestin1 in Mononuclear Leukocytes of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
Prolactin and pain of endometriosis.
Title: Prolactin and pain of endometriosis.
Prolactin does not seem to mediate the improvement on insulin resistance markers and blood glucose levels related to breastfeeding.
Title: Prolactin does not seem to mediate the improvement on insulin resistance markers and blood glucose levels related to breastfeeding.
Prenatal prolactin predicts postnatal parenting attitudes and brain structure remodeling in first-time fathers.
Title: Prenatal prolactin predicts postnatal parenting attitudes and brain structure remodeling in first-time fathers.
Association Between Prolactin, Estradiol, and Testosterone Levels and the Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Female Inpatients with Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study.
Title: Association Between Prolactin, Estradiol, and Testosterone Levels and the Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Female Inpatients with Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (282)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genome-wide association identifies three new susceptibility loci for Paget's disease of bone. EBI GWAS Catalog EBI GWAS CatalogPubMed
Genome-wide joint meta-analysis of SNP and SNP-by-smoking interaction identifies novel loci for pulmonary function. EBI GWAS Catalog EBI GWAS CatalogPubMed

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

HIV-1 interactions

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Protein interactions

Protein	Gene	Interaction	Pubs
Vif	vif	HIV-1 Vif downregulates the expression of prolactin (PRL) in Vif-expression T cells	PubMed
nucleocapsid	gag	HIV-1 NC upregulates prolactin in HEK 293T cells	PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

D6S1831 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:66318

RH67913 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:11793

SHGC-132039 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:173886

RH46707 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:5516

PRL (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:479938

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables hormone activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables prolactin receptor binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in cell surface receptor signaling pathway	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in female pregnancy	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in lactation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in mammary gland development	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in negative regulation of angiogenesis	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of cell population proliferation	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in positive regulation of lactation	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in positive regulation of miRNA transcription	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in prolactin signaling pathway	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in response to nutrient levels	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in endosome lumen	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
located_in extracellular region	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
is_active_in extracellular space	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: prolactin

Names: decidual prolactin; growth hormone A1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

NG_029819.1 RefSeqGene

Range

10818..20608

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GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_000948.6 → NP_000939.1 prolactin precursor

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000939.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript. Variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein.

Source sequence(s)

BC015850, CD106243

Consensus CDS

CCDS4548.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P01236, Q15199, Q92996

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A6XMH3, E9PF72, Q5THQ0

Related

ENSP00000302150.1, ENST00000306482.2

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cd10288
Location:29 → 227

prolactin_like; Prolactin (PRL or PRL1), chorionic somatomammotropin, and related pituitary gland hormones
NM_001163558.3 → NP_001157030.1 prolactin precursor

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001157030.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein.

Source sequence(s)

CD106243, GQ305133

Consensus CDS

CCDS4548.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P01236, Q15199, Q92996

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A6XMH3, E9PF72, Q5THQ0

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cd10288
Location:29 → 227

prolactin_like; Prolactin (PRL or PRL1), chorionic somatomammotropin, and related pituitary gland hormones