U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

POLM DNA polymerase mu [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 27434, updated on 5-Mar-2024

Summary

Go to the top of the page Help
Official Symbol
POLMprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
DNA polymerase muprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:9185
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000122678 MIM:606344; AllianceGenome:HGNC:9185
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
VALIDATED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
Tdt-N; Pol Mu
Summary
Predicted to enable DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity. Predicted to be involved in double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining. Predicted to act upstream of or within B cell differentiation and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
Expression
Ubiquitous expression in spleen (RPKM 6.9), lymph node (RPKM 5.6) and 25 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

Go to the top of the page Help
Location:
7p13
Exon count:
11
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 7 NC_000007.14 (44072062..44082530, complement)
RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 7 NC_060931.1 (44230561..44241032, complement)
105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 7 NC_000007.13 (44111661..44122129, complement)

Chromosome 7 - NC_000007.14Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene drebrin like Neighboring gene microRNA 6837 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:44099073-44099648 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:44099649-44100225 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 25923 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 25924 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 25925 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 25926 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 18140 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 25927 Neighboring gene phosphoglycerate mutase 2 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 25928 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 25929 Neighboring gene microRNA 6838 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:44119156-44120063 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:44121903-44122403 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 25930 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 25931 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:44140397-44140898 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:44140899-44141398 Neighboring gene AE binding protein 1 Neighboring gene microRNA 4649 Neighboring gene DNA polymerase delta 2, accessory subunit Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr7:44163329-44164233

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Go to the top of the page Help

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

Go to the top of the page Help
  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

Go to the top of the pageHelp

Related articles in PubMed

  1. Mechanism of genome instability mediated by human DNA polymerase mu misincorporation. Guo M, et al. Nat Commun, 2021 Jun 18. PMID 34145298, Free PMC Article
  2. DNA Polymerase and dRP-lyase activities of polymorphic variants of human Pol ι. Shilkin ES, et al. Biochem J, 2021 Apr 16. PMID 33600564
  3. DNA polymerase mu: An inflexible scaffold for substrate flexibility. Kaminski AM, et al. DNA Repair (Amst), 2020 Sep. PMID 33087269, Free PMC Article
  4. Pol μ dGTP mismatch insertion opposite T coupled with ligation reveals promutagenic DNA repair intermediate. Çağlayan M, et al. Nat Commun, 2018 Oct 11. PMID 30310068, Free PMC Article
  5. Polμ tumor variants decrease the efficiency and accuracy of NHEJ. Sastre-Moreno G, et al. Nucleic Acids Res, 2017 Sep 29. PMID 28973441, Free PMC Article

See all (51) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. DNA Polymerase and dRP-lyase activities of polymorphic variants of human Pol iota.
    Title: DNA Polymerase and dRP-lyase activities of polymorphic variants of human Pol ι.
  2. Mechanism of genome instability mediated by human DNA polymerase mu misincorporation.
    Title: Mechanism of genome instability mediated by human DNA polymerase mu misincorporation.
  3. DNA polymerase mu: An inflexible scaffold for substrate flexibility.
    Title: DNA polymerase mu: An inflexible scaffold for substrate flexibility.
  4. pol mu-mediated deoxyguanosine triphosphate mismatch insertion opposite template base T coupled with ligation could be a feature of mutation prone nonhomologous end joining during double-strand break repair.
    Title: Pol μ dGTP mismatch insertion opposite T coupled with ligation reveals promutagenic DNA repair intermediate.
  5. Polmu point mutations affecting 2 conserved adjacent residues located in the 8 kDa domain, G174S and R175H, limit the efficiency of accurate NHEJ by Polmu in vitro and in vivo due to decreased template dependency during NHEJ, which renders the error-rate of the mutants higher due to the ability of Polmu to randomly incorporate nucleotides at DSBs.
    Title: Polμ tumor variants decrease the efficiency and accuracy of NHEJ.
  6. Structural accommodation of ribonucleotide incorporation by the DNA repair enzyme polymerase Mu has been described.
    Title: Structural accommodation of ribonucleotide incorporation by the DNA repair enzyme polymerase Mu.
  7. analysis of template-dependent synthesis by human polymerase mu
    Title: Creative template-dependent synthesis by human polymerase mu.
  8. A study of how Polmu fixes and/or orients the mobile Loop1 part of the protein in accordance with the substrate on which it is polymerizing.
    Title: Decision-making during NHEJ: a network of interactions in human Polμ implicated in substrate recognition and end-bridging.
  9. specific loop 1 residues contribute to Pol mu's unique ability to catalyze template-dependent NHEJ of DSBs with unpaired 3' ends
    Title: Sustained active site rigidity during synthesis by human DNA polymerase μ.
  10. evidence suggests that Polmu could be regulated in vivo by phosphorylation of the BRCT domain (Ser12/Thr21) and of Ser372, affecting the function of loop1; Polmu's most distinctive activities would be turned off at specific cell-cycle phases (S and G2), when these functions might be harmful to the cell
    Title: The BRCT domain and the specific loop 1 of human Polμ are targets of Cdk2/cyclin A phosphorylation.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (29)

Phenotypes

Go to the top of the page Help

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

Go to the top of the page Help

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

Pathways from PubChem

Go to the top of the page

Interactions

Go to the top of the page Help
Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

Go to the top of the page Help

Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • FLJ35482

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables DNA binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
enables metal ion binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in DNA biosynthetic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in DNA recombination IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in nucleoplasm TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
is_active_in nucleus IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  

General protein information

Go to the top of the page Help
Preferred Names
DNA-directed DNA/RNA polymerase mu
Names
Pol iota
polymerase (DNA) mu
polymerase (DNA-directed), mu
terminal transferase
NP_001271259.1
NP_001271260.1
NP_001349612.1
NP_037416.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

Go to the top of the page Help

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001284330.2 → NP_001271259.1  DNA-directed DNA/RNA polymerase mu isoform 2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001271259.1

    Status: VALIDATED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) has multiple differences in the coding region, compared to variant 1, one of which results in a translational frameshift, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 2) has a distinct C-terminus and is longer than isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AA917987, AU309799, BC049202
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS64636.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q9NP87
    Related
    ENSP00000379174.3, ENST00000395831.7
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    smart00483
    Location:152 → 383
    POLXc; DNA polymerase X family
    cd00027
    Location:29 → 109
    BRCT; Breast Cancer Suppressor Protein (BRCA1), carboxy-terminal domain. The BRCT domain is found within many DNA damage repair and cell cycle checkpoint proteins. The unique diversity of this domain superfamily allows BRCT modules to interact forming homo ...
    cl11966
    Location:156 → 387
    NT_Pol-beta-like; Nucleotidyltransferase (NT) domain of DNA polymerase beta and similar proteins

  2. NM_001284331.2 → NP_001271260.1  DNA-directed DNA/RNA polymerase mu isoform 3

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001271260.1

    Status: VALIDATED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) has multiple differences in the coding region but maintains the reading frame, compared to variant 1. This results in a isoform (3) that is shorter, compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AA917987, AU309799, BC062590
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS64635.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q9NP87
    Related
    ENSP00000335141.6, ENST00000335195.10
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    cd00141
    Location:156 → 455
    NT_POLXc; Nucleotidyltransferase (NT) domain of family X DNA Polymerases
    smart00483
    Location:152 → 456
    POLXc; DNA polymerase X family
    cd00027
    Location:29 → 109
    BRCT; Breast Cancer Suppressor Protein (BRCA1), carboxy-terminal domain. The BRCT domain is found within many DNA damage repair and cell cycle checkpoint proteins. The unique diversity of this domain superfamily allows BRCT modules to interact forming homo ...

  3. NM_001362683.2 → NP_001349612.1  DNA-directed DNA/RNA polymerase mu isoform 4

    Status: VALIDATED

    Source sequence(s)
    AA917987, AF176097, AU309799, BM744180, BM756419
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd00141
    Location:156 → 467
    NT_POLXc; Nucleotidyltransferase (NT) domain of family X DNA Polymerases
    cd00027
    Location:29 → 109
    BRCT; Breast Cancer Suppressor Protein (BRCA1), carboxy-terminal domain. The BRCT domain is found within many DNA damage repair and cell cycle checkpoint proteins. The unique diversity of this domain superfamily allows BRCT modules to interact forming homo ...

  4. NM_013284.4 → NP_037416.1  DNA-directed DNA/RNA polymerase mu isoform 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_037416.1

    Status: VALIDATED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AA917987, AF176097, AU309799
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS34625.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    D3DVK4, Q6P5X8, Q86WQ9, Q9NP87
    Related
    ENSP00000242248.5, ENST00000242248.10
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    cd00141
    Location:156 → 492
    NT_POLXc; Nucleotidyltransferase (NT) domain of family X DNA Polymerases
    smart00483
    Location:152 → 493
    POLXc; DNA polymerase X family
    cd00027
    Location:29 → 109
    BRCT; Breast Cancer Suppressor Protein (BRCA1), carboxy-terminal domain. The BRCT domain is found within many DNA damage repair and cell cycle checkpoint proteins. The unique diversity of this domain superfamily allows BRCT modules to interact forming homo ...

RNA

  1. NR_104299.2 RNA Sequence

    Status: VALIDATED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) uses two alternate splice sites, compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because the use of the 5'-most supported translational start codon, as used in variant 1, renders the transcript a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).
    Source sequence(s)
    AA917987, AC017116, AK023002, AU309799
    Related
    ENST00000430942.5

  2. NR_156112.2 RNA Sequence

    Status: VALIDATED

    Source sequence(s)
    AA917987, AC017116, AF176097, AU309799, BC049202, BX395027

  3. NR_156113.2 RNA Sequence

    Status: VALIDATED

    Source sequence(s)
    AA917987, AU309799, BC049202, BG386713, BX395027

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000007.14 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    44072062..44082530 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060931.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    44230561..44241032 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
Q9NP87.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9NP87

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

Chemical Information
Molecular Biology Databases
Research Materials
Tools
Miscellaneous