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PACRG parkin coregulated [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 135138, updated on 11-Apr-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
PACRGprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
parkin coregulatedprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:19152
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000112530 MIM:608427; AllianceGenome:HGNC:19152
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
GLUP; pf12; BUG21; PACRG2.1; PARK2CRG; HAK005771
Summary
This gene encodes a protein that is conserved across metazoans. In vertebrates, this gene is linked in a head-to-head arrangement with the adjacent parkin gene, which is associated with autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease. These genes are co-regulated in various tissues and they share a bi-directional promoter. Both genes are associated with susceptibility to leprosy. The parkin co-regulated gene protein forms a large molecular complex with chaperones, including heat shock proteins 70 and 90, and chaperonin components. This protein is also a component of Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease patients, and it suppresses unfolded Pael receptor-induced neuronal cell death. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Expression
Low expression observed in reference dataset See more
Orthologs
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Genomic context

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Location:
6q26
Exon count:
22
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 6 NC_000006.12 (162727132..163315500)
RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 6 NC_060930.1 (164090091..164679096)
105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 6 NC_000006.11 (163148164..163736532)

Chromosome 6 - NC_000006.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105369171 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162888287-162888788 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162909371-162909872 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162952273-162953090 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162963903-162964402 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162967043-162967544 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:162967545-162968044 Neighboring gene keratin 8 pseudogene 44 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163135428-163135928 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr6:163148405-163148626 Neighboring gene tRNA-Glu (TTC) 15-1 Neighboring gene VISTA enhancer hs1358 Neighboring gene CDK7 strongly-dependent group 2 enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163385553-163386752 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163415840-163416477 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein L34 pseudogene 15 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163504027-163504596 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163520272-163521085 Neighboring gene PACRG antisense RNA 2 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163602019-163602599 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163607166-163607736 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105378095 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124901548 Neighboring gene PACRG antisense RNA 3 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163711905-163712411 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163712412-163712917 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163730307-163731506 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163742616-163743116 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163756229-163757042 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC401282 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr6:163762485-163762985 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 3851 Neighboring gene PACRG antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein L37a pseudogene 4

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. Parkin co-regulated gene is involved in aggresome formation and autophagy in response to proteasomal impairment. Taylor JM, et al. Exp Cell Res, 2012 Oct 1. PMID 22652456
  2. Molecular analysis of the PArkin co-regulated gene and association with male infertility. Wilson GR, et al. Fertil Steril, 2010 May 1. PMID 19268936
  3. Analysis of PArkin Co-Regulated Gene in a Taiwanese-ethnic Chinese cohort with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Taylor JM, et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2009 Jul. PMID 19196541
  4. Parkin Co-Regulated Gene (PACRG) is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasomal system and is present in the pathological features of Parkinsonian diseases. Taylor JM, et al. Neurobiol Dis, 2007 Aug. PMID 17590346
  5. Genetic predisposition to leprosy: A major gene reveals novel pathways of immunity to Mycobacterium leprae. Schurr E, et al. Semin Immunol, 2006 Dec. PMID 16973374

See all (48) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Crystal structure of human PACRG in complex with MEIG1 reveals roles in axoneme formation and tubulin binding.
    Title: Crystal structure of human PACRG in complex with MEIG1 reveals roles in axoneme formation and tubulin binding.
  2. Associations of PRKN-PACRG SNPs and G x G and G x E interactions with the risk of hyperlipidaemia.
    Title: Associations of PRKN-PACRG SNPs and G × G and G × E interactions with the risk of hyperlipidaemia.
  3. The parkin-coregulated gene product PACRG promotes TNF signaling by stabilizing LUBAC.
    Title: The parkin-coregulated gene product PACRG promotes TNF signaling by stabilizing LUBAC.
  4. Mapping of the PARK2 and PACRG gene regulatory region with 96 SNPs, with a resolution of 1 SNP per 1 Kb for PARK2 gene regulatory region in a North Indian population, showed an involvement of 11 SNPs in determining the susceptibility towards leprosy.
    Title: Mapping of PARK2 and PACRG overlapping regulatory region reveals LD structure and functional variants in association with leprosy in unrelated indian population groups.
  5. PARK2 and PACRG are commonly downregulated in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma and are associated with aggressive disease and poor clinical outcome.
    Title: PARK2 and PACRG are commonly downregulated in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma and are associated with aggressive disease and poor clinical outcome.
  6. conducted high-density association mapping of PARK2/PACRG SNPs with leprosy and identified 69 SNPs significantly associated with leprosy in 198 single-case Vietnamese leprosy families
    Title: Linkage disequilibrium pattern and age-at-diagnosis are critical for replicating genetic associations across ethnic groups in leprosy.
  7. Elevated levels of PACRG result in increased neuronal autophagy.
    Title: Parkin co-regulated gene is involved in aggresome formation and autophagy in response to proteasomal impairment.
  8. single nucleotide polymorphisms of PARK2 with leprosy susceptibility in Chinese population
    Title: Association study of the single nucleotide polymorphisms of PARK2 and PACRG with leprosy susceptibility in Chinese population.
  9. the association of polymorphisms rs9356058 and rs1040079 in gene PARK2/PACRG with leprosy
    Title: Leprosy epidemics during history increased protective allele frequency of PARK2/PACRG genes in the population of the Mljet Island, Croatia.
  10. Clinical trial of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
    Title: Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (23)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • FLJ32724

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables G protein-coupled receptor binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables Hsp70 protein binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables Hsp70 protein binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables Hsp90 protein binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables Hsp90 protein binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables actin binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables alpha-tubulin binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables beta-tubulin binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables heat shock protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein-folding chaperone binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables ubiquitin protein ligase binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in cellular response to unfolded protein TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in protein localization IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in spermatid development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in axonemal B tubule inner sheath IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in axonemal microtubule IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in axonemal microtubule ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
located_in cell body IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
is_active_in cytosol IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in manchette IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
is_active_in neuron projection IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in neuron projection IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in nucleus HDA PubMed 
located_in sperm midpiece IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
is_active_in vesicle IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in vesicle IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

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Preferred Names
parkin coregulated gene protein
Names
PARK2 co-regulated
PARK2 coregulated
molecular chaperone/chaperonin-binding protein
parkin co-regulated gene protein

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_011525.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5843..593369
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001080378.2 → NP_001073847.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform 2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001073847.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate in-frame exon, compared to variant 1, resulting in a shorter protein (isoform 2), compared to isoform 1. Both variants 2 and 3 encode the same isoform.
    Source sequence(s)
    AL031121, AP001576, BC044227
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS43524.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q96M98
    Related
    ENSP00000355855.2, ENST00000366889.6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 253
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  2. NM_001080379.2 → NP_001073848.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform 2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001073848.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an exon at its 5' end and an in-frame internal exon, compared to variant 1. These differences produce a unique 5' UTR and a protein (isoform 2) that is shorter than isoform 1. Both variants 2 and 3 encode the same isoform.
    Source sequence(s)
    AF546872, AL031121, BC044227
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS43524.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q96M98
    Related
    ENSP00000355854.2, ENST00000366888.7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 253
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  3. NM_152410.3 → NP_689623.2  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_689623.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
    Source sequence(s)
    AK057286, AL031121, AL354942, BC044227
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS5284.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    E1P5B5, Q6IMB8, Q8IZM1, Q8NHP5, Q96M98, Q9H1V9
    Related
    ENSP00000337946.3, ENST00000337019.7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 292
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000006.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    162727132..163315500
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_017010277.3 → XP_016865766.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  2. XM_017010275.3 → XP_016865764.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  3. XM_017010279.3 → XP_016865768.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  4. XM_017010278.3 → XP_016865767.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  5. XM_047418208.1 → XP_047274164.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X5

  6. XM_011535461.4 → XP_011533763.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X4

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 227
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  7. XM_011535462.4 → XP_011533764.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X2

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 205
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  8. XM_011535468.3 → XP_011533770.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X12

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 204
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  9. XM_006715344.5 → XP_006715407.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X6

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 204
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  10. XM_006715345.5 → XP_006715408.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X10

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 204
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  11. XM_011535469.3 → XP_011533771.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X13

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 204
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  12. XM_005266826.6 → XP_005266883.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X11

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 204
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  13. XM_005266825.6 → XP_005266882.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X8

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 204
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  14. XM_017010276.3 → XP_016865765.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  15. XM_017010280.3 → XP_016865769.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X3

  16. XM_011535466.2 → XP_011533768.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X9

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 204
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  17. XM_011535471.3 → XP_011533773.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X14

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam10274
    Location:70 → 97
    ParcG; Parkin co-regulated protein

  18. XM_017010281.3 → XP_016865770.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X7

  19. XM_017010282.3 → XP_016865771.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X7

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060930.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    164090091..164679096
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_054354283.1 → XP_054210258.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  2. XM_054354282.1 → XP_054210257.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  3. XM_054354284.1 → XP_054210259.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  4. XM_054354285.1 → XP_054210260.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  5. XM_054354286.1 → XP_054210261.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  6. XM_054354290.1 → XP_054210265.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X5

  7. XM_054354289.1 → XP_054210264.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X4

  8. XM_054354287.1 → XP_054210262.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X2

  9. XM_054354298.1 → XP_054210273.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X12

  10. XM_054354291.1 → XP_054210266.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X6

  11. XM_054354296.1 → XP_054210271.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X10

  12. XM_054354299.1 → XP_054210274.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X13

  13. XM_054354297.1 → XP_054210272.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X11

  14. XM_054354294.1 → XP_054210269.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X8

  15. XM_054354281.1 → XP_054210256.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X1

  16. XM_054354288.1 → XP_054210263.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X3

  17. XM_054354295.1 → XP_054210270.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X9

  18. XM_054354300.1 → XP_054210275.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X14

  19. XM_054354292.1 → XP_054210267.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X7

  20. XM_054354293.1 → XP_054210268.1  parkin coregulated gene protein isoform X7

Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
Q96M98.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q96M98

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