This publication was produced as a collaboration between the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), and the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs of Sweden. The co-authors were invited by the Swedish Government to produce this policy brief to inform discussions on supporting sustainable innovation and access to effective antibiotics during the Swedish EU Presidency High-Level Meeting on AMR.

We are very grateful for comments and feedback on the policy brief provided in writing and during several meetings from a reference group with representation from several key European institutions and agencies relevant to antibiotic resistance policy (see Reference Group members below) We are also grateful for written feedback from several representatives from the Swedish Governmental agencies: Medical Products Agency (Marmar Nekoro and Katarina Lönnquist), Dental and Pharmaceutical Benefits Agency (Douglas Lundin and Peter Skiöld), Public Health Agency (Jenny Hellman and Anders Ternhag) and Swedish Research Council (Laura Plant and Madeleine Durbeej-Hjalt). We are also appreciative to all stakeholders who agreed to be interviewed to inform the development of this policy brief (see ‘Stakeholder interviewees’ below). We would like to thank Gunnar Ljungqvist, who assisted in organizing and conducting interviews, and we are also grateful to CARB-X (Damiano De Felice and Kevin Outterson), who provided feedback on a draft of the policy brief and offered their assistance in sharing data and analysis on funding allocations for investments across the antibiotic research and development pathway. While insights from interviews and the reference group influenced the development of this brief, its contents do not reflect the views of individual reference group members or interview participants.

We also extend our thanks to our colleagues at the European Observatory: Josep Figueras, who provided valuable feedback on several drafts of the policy brief and whose leadership and direction helped facilitate discussion during several meetings of the reference group; Johra Ferrah, who provided key administrative support; and Jonathan North, Suszy Lessof, Lucie Jackson and Anna Sagan, who were involved in sharing their experiences with previous volumes and then patiently processing the final manuscript for publication.